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WHO'S WHO OF THE 
CHINESE IN NEW YORK 



BY 



WARNER M. VAN NORDEN 



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Class 
Book. 



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GoBtightN". 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT, 



Husbandry and 
letters are the 
chief two pro- 
fessions — 
Chinese 

Proverb. 




The Chinese 
farmer is a ju- 
dicious mixture 
of brawn, 
muscle and 
practical knowl- 
e d g e of effi- 
c i e n t agricul- 
tural methods. 



"I entirely agree with you that the farming industry in America 
sorely needs recuperation and that the Chinese farmer would be a 
distinct addition to our country — furthermore I believe that the ad- 
vent of the Chinese farmer to America would stimulate and accentuate 
the good feeling which already exists between China and the United 
States. Not only would these Chinese farmers be a help to us, but 
they would be a reflex beneficial influence on the Chinese Republic," 
— Dr. Amos P. Wilder, former U. S. Consul-General to Shanghai 



Copyright, 1918 

WARNER M. VAN NORDEN 

New York 



WHO'S WHO 

of the 

CHINESE 

in 

NEW^ YORK 



BY 
WARNER M. VAN NORDEN 



19 18 
New York 



17 1918 

©CI. A 4 92110 a 



FOREWORD 



The American Cry for Chinese Farmers 

Acpording to the census of 1910, there are, at present, 17,200 Chinese 
farmers in America, distributed in the various states as below. The 
Chinese farmers represent twenty per cent, of all the Chinese within 
our borders. 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts . . 
Connecticut . . . . 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Kansas 

Delaware ....... 

^Maryland 

Virgina 

W. Virginia 

No. Carolina. . . . 

So. Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Arkansas 

Oregon 



3 

4 

47 

4 

113 

ia7 

58 

18 

17 

4 

8 

2>7 

22 

15 

21 

21 

21 

25 

1 

.11 

166 

2d> 

799 



California 11,986 



Illinois 
Michigan . . , 
Wisconsin . 
Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri . . 
No. Dakota. 
So. Dakota. 
Nebraska . . 
Louisiana 
Oklahoma 

Texas 

Montana . . , 

Idaho 

WVoming . . 
Colorado . . . 
N. Mexico. . 
Arizona . . . . 

Utah 

Nevada 

Washington 



35 
14 
25 
23 

36 

11 

10 

45 

26 

86 

7 

71 

404 

473 

69 

44 

146 

605 

51 

783 

706 



Of these 17,200 Chinese farmers in U. S. 760 own their own farms. 



On account of the exigencies cff the time the draft of men for' the army, 
the hosls of enlistments, and the shortage of crops. America seems 
immediately to require a large number of skilled agriculturists. 

England has transported more than one hundred thousand Chinese 
Coolies to France, to work on the roads and docks. Each corps of five 
hundred is in charge of a Chinese-speaking foreigner and guarantees 
have been given not to put the men's lives in danger, and to return them 
to China after the war. It is reported that a second hundred thousand 
will be sent. How good the guarantees may prove, in the matter of 
returning those tens of thousands, is a matter which will depend 
upon circumstances. One thing is certain — the whole scheme is born of 
the emergencies of the war. It is a war measure, and any unfortunate 
results which may eventuate from this introduction of young, unmarried 
men into France, must be endured with other ills. 



CHINESE COOLIES versus CHINESE FARMERS 

It has been proposed to import half a million Chinese Coolies to work 
on our American farms — not to remain in groups of five hundred, as in' 
France, but to be scattered, one here and five there, upon the farms. To 
my mind this is a most dangerous experiment— injurious both to the 
welfare of our people, and to the best interests of the Chinese. 

I have expressed myself more than once upon this subject and have 
endeavored to discriminate between the Chinese Coolie and the Chinese 
farmer. The following reprints may be opportune : 



(From N. Y. Tribune, April 17, 1917.) 

PLANS TO IMPORT ORIENTAL LABORERS 
Board of Trade Would Bring Japanese and Chinese Here 

A plan to import Chinese and Japanese laborers for the period of the war 
is being worked out by the Board of Trade and Transportation. Warner 
Van Norden, tea importer and former banker, has a plan to import about 
500,000 Chinese farmers to relieve the agricultural situation that will be 
created by the War. 

A bill to put the board's plan into eifect has been drawn up by Senator 
Calder. After the executive committee of the board has passed on the 
matter to-morrow. Representative F. W. Rowe will be asked to present 
the measure in the House. A copy of the measure has been sent to Mayor 
Mitchel with the request that it be submitted to the conference of Mayors 
now being held in this city. 

The men behind the plan believe that the scarcity of labor can be met 
by importing Chinese and Japanese laborers from Mexico, Canada and 
Hawaii. They can be brought here in three weeks. It is pointed out that 
the President has the power, during War, to suspend the laws providing 
for the exclusion of aliens from the United States. 

Mr. Van Norden's plan, in which the head of a large banking house in 
this city and a Pittsburgh steel man are also interested, is limited to the 
agricultural situation. 

"It is our plan," he said, "to import about 500,000 of the first class Chi- 
nese farmers, with their families, and distribute them throughout the 
country. Chinese bankers will gladly finance the project. I do not 
expect any great opposition to the plan, as Chinese farmers are much 
needed and in California the objection against them is no longer strong." 



(N. Y. Evening Mail, May 24, 1917.) 



URGES CHINESE FARMERS, NOT COOLIES, FOR U. S. 

Tea Merchant Argues That These Workers Rank Next to Highest 

in China 

Warner M. Van Norden, tea merchant, of 62 South street, Manhattan, 
whose plan to import Chinese labor into this country was recently an- 
nounced, when asked his opinion to-day of the plan proposed by the Chi- 
nese Six Companies to bring Coolies into this country for a limited period 
of service, deporting them at its expiration, said : 

"I am decidedly opposed to the importation of the Chinese Coolie. 
There are five classes in China, ranking in order : the scholars, farmers, 
bankers and merchants, soldiers and Coolies. The farmer, ranking sec- 
ond, is a superior person, temperate in his habits, industrious and frugal, 
and to our country would be a worthy example of economy and right 
living. 

''Furthermore, it is a well-recognized fact that he is capable of pro- 
ducing greater returns from a plot of land than the most expert agri- 
culturist of any other country. 

"My plan to bring over those farmers and their wives and permit them 
to buy small farms of perhaps ten acres — there are many available 
abandoned farms throughout the Union that could be made plentifully 
productive under the skilful hand of the Chinese farmer. 

"Our labor unions would not be involved through this importation, for 
we would mereh' extend to the Chinese the privileges enjo^-ed by other 
aliens. The immigration laws would necessarily need suspension to per- 
mit their entrance — but once their real value to our nation is realized — 
which it most assuredly will be — immigration rules will be made to 
conform. :■ 



"Their non-assimilating habits have been assailed ; but why discriminate 
on that score, especially in light of the numerous 'colonies' of aliens 
distributed over our territory, who are permitted to enjoy the rights and 
privileges of American citizenship? If we are to assume our rightful 
place as a world power, if we are to stand before other nations as an 
example of real democracy, why not be truly democratic?" 



{The Globe, New York, of May 28th, 1917.) 



WOULD BRING 500,000 CHINESE 

Warner M. Van Norden Says Oriental Farmer Can Help United States 

Win the War. 

To sweep the legal obstacles of immigration laws and exclusion acts 
out of the way of bringing 500,000 Chinese farmers to America to raise 
war crops on idle acres, Warner M. Van Norden, a New York tea 
merchant familiar with the Orient, has prepared a bill which he will 
seek to have introduced at the present session of Congress as a War 
measure. 

This bill would give legal sanction to the project, which was broached on 
this side of the continent by Mr. Van Norden and on the Pacific slope 
b}' the Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco, one of the world's great- 
est trade concerns. 

With the aid of 500,000 Chinese farmers vast stretches of idle farm 
land in the United States could be brought under cultivation, Mr. Van 
Norden declared to-day, and the threat of the world starvation held 
out by the German U-Boats could never be carried out. 

"The Chinese farmer is the best farmer in the world," said Mr. 
Van Norden. "His land has been worked for uncounted years, but still 
produces well under his capable direction. He is industrious, quiet, unas- 
suming, and physically is tremendously strong." 

Moreover, Mr. Van Norden added, the farmer whom he proposes to 
bring to America should not be confused with the Coolie. The Coolie 
is a man of low caste, a stevedore. The farmer is a man of second highest 
rank in Chinese society, ranking higher than the banker, priest, and 
soldier. 



(N. Y. World, Sunday, August 5, 1917.) 



WANTS 500,000 CHINESE FARMERS TO COME IN 

Thinks Suspension of the Immigratioji Laws Would Solve the War 

Food Problem 

Warner M. Van Norden, a tea merchant of No. 62 South Street, has 
started a publicity campaign to convince the country that we should admit 
500,000 Chinese farmers to this country as a War measure. The Chinese 
would take the place of men who enlist and thus aid in the great task 
of providing ourselves and our Allies with food, Mr. Van Norden 
argues. . . 

"The Chinese farmer is the best farmer in the world," said Mr. Van 
Norden. ''His land has been worked for uncounted years, but still 
produces well under his capable direction. He is industrious, quiet, 
unassuming and is tremendously strong. 

"I believe there is just one solution of the problem, and that is the 
admiission of 500,000 Chinese farmers. The Chinese farmer ranks next 
to the scholar in the Five-Class Divisions. My plan is to bring over 
these farmers and their wives and permit them to buy small farms of 
perhaps ten acres — there are many available abandoned farms throughout 
the country that could be made plentifully productive. They should 
be urged to bring their wives with them. The immigration laws would 
necessarily need suspension to permit their entrance, but once their real 
value to our nation is realized — which it most assuredly will be — immi- 
gration rules will be made to conform." 

Mr. Van Norden added that the farmer should not be confused with the 
Coolie, who is of low caste, a stevedore. He has received a letter from 
Dr. Amos P. Wilder, former United States Consul General to Shanghai, 
commending the plan. 



(Poughkeepsie Eagle-News, October 16, 1917.) 



CHINESE LABOR WILL HELP SOLVE THE FARM PROBLEM 

Many Farmers Favor Importing Chinese for Agricultural Purposes- 
Interview with Warner Van Norden of Clove Valley Club 
— Long Island Farms Run by the Chinese 

That Chinese should be brought to the United States to work on the 
farms and help solve the farm-labor problem, is the opinion of a number 
of Dutchess County farmers. The matter of importing enough Chinese 
labor for agricultural purposes seems to be meeting with increased favor 
and as it has caused considerable talk among the farmers of our own 
county, an Eagle-News representative had an interview on the subject 
with Mr. Warner M. Van Norden, a New York tea merchant and a promi- 
nent member of the Clove Valley Rod and Gun Club, of this county. In 
the course of the interview, Mr. Van Norden said : 

"It is to laugh. The attempt to regulate the price of wheat was opposed 
by the farmers who did not care to adopt the lofty principle of making 
a sacrifice in order to match the self-denial of the soldiers boy. The farmer 
refused to be limited to $2 a bushel and we are told he has objected to 
even $2.20. 

"Now the coal operatives insist upon higher wages and the price of coal 
may be raised to meet this demand. Another dream shattered ! Truth is, 
that I bought my winter's supply of coal before the price fixing idea was 
promulgated at $7.50, whereas last year the price was $9.50. 



Law of Supply and Demand 

"Now, the whole question of prices comes back to the law of supply 
and demand — just where it has always rested. The one great lasting 
work done by Mr. Hoover will be teaching the people to save, to cut down 
the appalling waste which has prevailed in this country. 

"We must have more wheat, more food of all kinds. Then all prices 
will come down automatically. 

"I do no^ advocate bringing over Chinese Coolies, because more labor 
is not needed as much as more brains. We must raise twice as much 
wheat on the same acreage. Our farmers do not know how to do this. 
The Chinese farmers understand the trick. Therefore, I say, bring over 
half a million Chinese farmers with their families. Allow them to 
become citizens and let them teach our farmers intensive agriculture. 

"The best citizens in North Europe are the Finns who are Mongoloids. 
Once upon a time, Russia fought a bloody strife to prevent one million 
Mongols from leaving the banks of the Volga. 

"Farmers of Louisiana and California implored me to hurry this move- 
ment. A spinster from Westchester County and one from Maine protest. 

8 



Farms Run by Chinese 

"There are five or six farms on Long Island run entirely by Chinese. 
At present, most of their produce is sold in Chinatown. We should have 
in the hands of the Chinese near New York at least 50,000 small truck 
farms. 

"An illustration of my contention that a practical demonstration of 
intensive farming is of far more value to the American farmer than either 
lectures or the distribution of printed matter on the subject is found in 
the work done by New York State some years ago at Spencerport, on 
the Erie Canal just west of Rochester. I am told that the state rented 
an orchard for a term of years, reserving" the right to do as it pleased 
with the trees. The state put an expert appleman in charge of this 
farm who, within three or four years, not only vastly increased the yield 
of fruit, but also produced much larger and finer and more salable apples. 

"A resident of Spencerport tells me that the whole countryside within 
a radius of fifty miles has been revolutionized ; that the farmers are now 
making considerable money by raising the best apples produced in New 
York State. 

Meets With Approval 

"The mail from China this morning, has brought several letters from 
very prominent people in Shanghai. The plan of importing the Chinese 
agriculturists has been given quite some publicity throughout the Chinese 
Republic and is generally approved of by people of authority who are 
intimately associated with, and can appreciate the benefits to be derived 
by us from the assistance of the Chinese farmers. However, the diffi- 
culty we face primarily, which is spoken of in every instance, is the fact 
that these farmers must necessarily be persuaded to come. Being a 
person of intelligence and integrity and appreciating the respect accorded 
him in his own country, it is not likely that he would be as eager as some 
Americans think, to immigrate to a country wherein treatment would 
not be such as to contribute to his welfare and happiness. Their per- 
ception is keen, and although thej^ may not loudly voice reasons for 
hesitanc)' in coming, they must needs be assured of a hospitable reception, 
augmented by good faith and fair treatment. In my opinion, this thought 
is worthy of much mention, inasmuch as the average American is imbued 
with the idea that the Chinese are merely awaiting the opportunity to 
come here to pursue despicable methods, therefore, crowding them — the 
Americans — from the labor market. The Chinese agriculturists can be 
teachers of methods we need to insure life to the nation and a valuation 
should be placed upon them as such. 

"The United States Department of Agriculture has not been slow to 
perceive the advantages to be gained by Chinese methods and by the 
importation of Chinese plants. For years they have been conduct- 
ing investigations and Professor MeyeY's reports, published through the 
Department, contain vastly interesting material. By importing Chinese 
agriculturists and conducting investigations upon our own soil, a greater 
benefit in divers form would obtain than by conducting them upon foreign 
soil. Professor Morgan, an authority on soils, one of the faculty of 
Columbia University, whom I have talked with but yesterday on the 
subject is heartily in accjrd with the principles and believes that action 
should be taken at or ce to bring abo^.t the result." 



(N. Y. Evening Sun, November 21, 1917.) 

WOULD IMPORT CHINESE FARMERS 
Do This or Draft City Men, Says Van Norden 

"The United States Government has but one alternative when it con- 
siders production for the coming 3^ear," said Warner M. Van Norden to- 
day when asked to comment on the proposed governmental legislation 
relative to his plan of importing Chinese farmers. 

"Before the Spring planting of 1918 arrives this country shall either 
have to draft men from the cities to work on the farms or import Chi- 
nese farmers. It has never been denied that the Chinese farmers are 
superior to the farmers of any other nation in the quantity of produce they 
exact from each acre they cifltivate. So far our Government has done but 
little to stimulate the increase of crops in this country. Price regulating 
has operated contrariwise. 

"The position of the farmer may readily be understood. Should a farmer 
raise a thousand bushels of wheat and receive $3.25 a bushel, he would 
net $3,250. On the other hand, should he raise twelve hundred bushels 
and receive $2 a bushel he would net $2.400 — a difference of $850 less 
for the twelve hundred than he would receive for one thousand bushels — 
not considering the additional expenditure for labor, fertilizer, etc., neces- 
sary to raise the greater amount. Should the farmer raise twelve hun- 
dred bushels the subsequent year instead of one thousand his net loss 
would be $1,050. Not a very great incentive for intensive cultivation, one 
must admit. 

"Despite this situation it is imperative that we produce and intensely 
produce. The time is too critical to experiment b}- sending inexperi- 
enced and untrained assistance to our farms. Thrift economy demands that 
we apply the efficiency available and easily procurable to the needs of 
our country. 

"This means the admission of 500,000 Chinese farmers to our farms. 
In this respect, I do not refer to the Chinese Coolie. It is the agricul- 
turist of China who is now teaching agents sent abroad by our Agricul- 
ture Department for that specific purpose. Why not conserve time, 
energy, and expense, incidentally profiting materially by the production 
that would result from such teaching upon our own farms?" 



10 



{Evening Post, New York, Saturday, November 24, 1917.) 

VAN NORDEN AGAINST COOLIES 
Sees Benefit to Nation, However, in Importing Chinese Farmers 

The action of the Federation of Labor in Buflfalo, in protesting against 
Governmental legislation relative to the plan to import 500,000 Chinese for 
farm work in America, is based on a wrong premise, according to a state- 
ment made today by Warner ]M. \'an Xorden. president of the Lotos Tea 
Concern. 

**In ray movement to bring the Chinese here, at no time has there been 
any idea of importing Coolies to break down, as is said, the "'high standards 
of the American workingman,' " continued Mr. Van Xorden. 

"What is proposed is to import .competent, intelligent, and industrious 
Chinese farmers and their families, not to work as laborers for American 
farmers, but to till their own farms, thereby increasing the food supply of 
the country, with consequent lowering of prices to the consumer, which, 
incidentalh', includes the two million workers in the American Federation 
of Labor. 

"If these union labor men will ponder for a moment, they will clearh' 
see that such an addition to the food supply of the country is anything 
but inimical to their best interests. This seems to be their main point of 
combat at the moment — but, no matter what increase in wages they may 
periodically win, the mounting cost of provisions places them exactly where 
they were before, or perhaps in a far more discomforting position. 

"I wish President Gompers would note the distinction between a Coolie 
and an intelligent, industrious, productive farmer. I am decidedly opposed 
to the scheme of importing Coolies. Such a plan would bring a low class 
of Chinese, who, as single men, would nattirally gravitate to the cities, 
the result being detrimental to labor markets, and a menace to the moral 
condition of the people. Therefore, bring the Chinese farmer and his 
familv." 



Farm and Farming 

By Warner M. Van Norden 

The greatest economic problem of the twentieth century is the land 
problem, principally of land adapted to agricultural pursuits. Upon its 
correct solution hinges the salvation of society, for it is a self-evident truth 
that the wealth of any nation is based on her land resources. To convert 
this land into the coin of the realm requires the human touch guided by 
probity and a knowledge of the business of farming. With the diligent 
application of these qualities, •efficiency in farming will be promoted. 

n 



As a nation we have passed beyond the exploitation stage of our 
development. For years we have been prone to ignore the law of com- 
pensation and are just now gradually learning to appreciate that stable 
wealth is only acquired by industry and thrift. In farming there is no 
permanent satisfaction or happiness obtained until most of the land is 
tilled by the man who owns it. To the ambitious and aggressive person 
this ownership constitutes sufficient incentive to call forth the application 
of the very best efforts. Therefore, in order to insure prosperity and 
contentment to the nation, the farm-owning cultivator must become 
dominant. It does not follow that tenancy must be obliterated. As a 
matter of fact, tenancy must always exist but must not be dominant. 
Here, as in the industrial and commercial fields, we must have executives 
and subordinates. The latter serve two purposes — as a stepping stone 
to ownership and as an administrant of executive orders. The total output 
of an organization — and we must consider farming in the light of ordinary 
business — depends upon the harmonious action of executives and sub- 
ordinates, each performing the tasks he is best fitted for. 

An obstacle of paramount weight which has for some time handicapped 
the prospective land-owner-farmer has been the lack of capital. However, 
governmental action has advanced a solution to this problem which 
affects so poignantly social utility and sustenance. During the past year 
legislation has been enacted which is designed to furnish the farmer with 
the means of assistance most needed for the improvement of his property, 
thereby increasing productive efficiency. If we grant that a republican 
form of government can successfully conduct such a socialistic propa- 
ganda, this legislation is to be commended and will work advantageously 
provided it is kept free from political exploitation. Whatever the sub- 
sequent result — at the moment, it affords great opportunities for the 
honest, thrifty, energetic person. On the strength of his becoming one 
of our farming contingent, he can borrow money through the Federal 
Land Bank at a compartively low rate of interest, thereby enabling him 
to purchase land or improve the purchase. To be sure, the Bank reserves 
the right to stipulate the purposes of expenditure, but this stipulation is 
prompted by experience, foresight, and prudence, all making for efficiency 
and ultimate agricultural prosperity. To the intelligent mind, the reflex 
action of this sane procedure is bound to be beneficial to the borrower. 

To procure a loan, the farmer or would-be farmer, must possess an 
amount of money sufficient to meet the requirements of the bank which 
is a deposit of five dollars for each one hundred dollars he wishes to 
borrow. He makes application to the National Farm Loan Association in 
the vicinity of his farm or his prospective purchase. This Association 
acts as intermediary between the borrower and the Federal Land Bank* 
He deposits with the Association five per cent of the total amount of the 
loan, which amount is converted into stock in his name, redeemable at 
maturity and cancellation of obligation. Should any dividends be paid 
in the interim he shares in them ratabl}^ He will be assessed, likewise 
ratably, for any failures — failures among his associates of the Farm 
Association — of which he becomes an active member with voting privileges 
by virtue of his acquiring a loan — to meet their obligations. He offers as 
security a first mortgage on his land. His land is appraised through the 
Association and he is permitted to borrow to the extent of fifty per cent 
of the land value and twenty per cent of the value of permanent, insured 
improvements. The co-operative administration of the Land Association 
is quite laudable. It stimulates economy, encourages endeavor and 
cautions care. 

12 



The borrower pays a rate ot interest never in excess of one per cent 
more than the rate paid on bond issues which the Federal Land Bank 
is privileged to issue.' The amount of such issues is limited, as is the rate 
of interest paid on the bonds wiiich does not at any time exceed five 
per cent. 

The liquidation of the loan is provided for in such manner as to work 
no hardships upon the borrower. Contrariwise, he is benefited morally 
as well as materially, for amortization of a debt — the plan here adopted — 
is quite conducive to thrift. Each interest day the borrower pays his 
interest and a part of the principal — the latter amount being so regulated as 
to extinguish the entire loan with a moderate final payment at the expira- 
tion of the period agreed upon. Furthermore, after five years the borrower 
has the option of diminishing the remainder of his debt on interest days, 
in multiple of $25. Interest days are arranged semi-annually and annually, 
with loan periods from five to forty years. Reappraisal of mortgaged 
land is permitted by the Bank for the purpose of making an additional 
loan if justifiable. 

The abundancy of available land and the enactment of this legislation 
offers incentive and purposeful procedure to those who have expectantly 
been looking toward farming as their Utopia. Therefore, it is but natural 
to assume that our farming contingent will profitably and happily be 
increased. 

Newspaperdom has been rife lately with "food conservation," "food 
distribution," "food dictatorship," and the like, that to the thinking person 
the most closely related problem and one of far greater and more vital 
importance is that of food production. Conservation presupposes pro- 
ductions—therefore the latter is a prime issue and must be effected in order 
to insure the former. • 

Echoes of farms, farm labor, farmerettes, community gardens, backyard 
gardens, etc., assume such an active aspect that we are convinced of some- 
thing larger in the atmosphere than a mere "back to the farm" agitation. 
But here we encounter organization and methods not based upon exact 
and intelligent information as to what to do, and how and when and where. 
As a consequence, the ultimate result is bound to be very little substantial 
gain as compared with the expenditure of time and energy, to say the 
least. Such a condition most naturally produces disgust and inertia 
among those who were mogt enthusiastic and glad of the opportunity to 
do something under the supervision, as they expected, of experienced 
people. 

Eyes have been blinded to the -magnitude of the opportunities afforded 
by the development of agricultural pursuits, due in great part to modern 
inventions having made easily possible the accumulation of wealth which 
has been gathered with but little heed as to how long the supply wottld 
last. It has been done in our skimming way as we do many things — sip 
the froth without tasting the substantial. But the roots of humanity strike 
deep into the earth and it is only now when the question of our very 
existence is automatically forced upon us that we reflect upon the possi- 
bilities of this endeavor. In our wild scramble for wealth and power 
we have shunned and looked askance, in many instances, at those enea^^ed 
in delving into the treasures of Mother Earth. From time immemorial the 
farmer has been the vertebrae of all nations, and the countries who possess 
the wisdom of foresight have accorded him his rightful place. Countries 
who have turned their minds and attention to other pursuits are becoming 
cognizant that their lite will be at stake if more effort is not directed 

13 



toward agricultural development. The pendulum is swinging backward 
once more and farming will come into its own. 

Farming unlocks a thousand doors of opportunity. The days of 
pioneering are over. Trails have become roads ; facilities for the trans- 
mission of intelligence are innumerable. The development awaits the keen 
awakening to the modern necessities of sustenance. 

To the homeseeker, the man who wants a paradise, his own vine and 
fig tree, farming is replete with suggestions and there is no country 
better prepared to promote these suggestions and individual dreams than 
the United States. 'Tis but a matter of choice, a matter of pandering to 
one's taste, as to what affords the mecca of the desirous, with the vast 
amount of unoccupied and easily available land to be had for a mere 
bagatelle. Millions of acres are going practically to waste, but the enormity 
of this available land should in no wise create an infamous reflection 
upon the quality and condition of the land, but rather construed as a 
derogation of the man who has be*en content to look afar for verdant 
fields without inspecting those about him. 

Should one choose to set up an abode on a hillside, on a rolling prairie, 
on a plateau with an elevation of few or many feet, on the banks of a 
ripDling stream, in a mountainous environment, in the foothills of some 
majestic summit, or perhaps in a cottage nestling snugly in a valley, 
he needs but give expression to the fancy. 

Likewise there arc a variety of climates to select from. Should a 
uniform temperature, a dry climate, a bracing mountain air which modifies 
the cold of winter and relieves the heat of summer, a dry winter, a 
moist summer, much rainfall or not any, be desired, it can be secured 
by the mere mentioning of one's preference. 

Soils of every description for every purpose await the constructive man. 
Soils for diversified products, soils for specialized products, soils con- 
taining a superabundance of productivity, soils of every conceivable quality. 

Produce is limitless in variation. Forage crops, market gardening, fibre 
products, fruits, large and small, to suit every whim. Superb climates, 
amplitude of food, and outdoor grazing of long duration afford most 
aereeable conditions for stock raising. Land that is found too rough 
for tillage can be utilized for poultry raising. Poultry can be fed the 
by-products of the dairy. Meadows will grow luxuriant crops for cattle. 
The raising of sheep requires but precious little effort. 

Modern machinery has eliminated much of the drudgery from farming. 
Modern invention has also placed heretofore remote lands in juxtaposition 
with the markets. The proximity of market places is, of course, one of 
the prime factors to successful farming.. Railroads penetrate everywhere. 
Trolleys connect with railroads. The farmer with vim and energy does 
not mind it in the least that the trolley happens to be a few miles distant. 
Good roads are maintained by the state. Counties maintain secondary 
roads so that scarcely any point of our vast territory is unapproachable. 
Motor trucks and wagons meet the trolleys. The telephone enables the 
farmer to keep in as close touch with his markets as it does the city 
broker with the stock exchange. Rural delivery brings news of the com- 
mercial, manufacturing, financial and social world, several hours after 
issuance. 

Neither does living on a farm preclude the possibility of securing 
educational advantages. There is a healthy educational sentiment pre- 
valent throughout the United States. Schools are recognized as a vital 
resource of the state since they are virtually the factories that produce 
the citizenry of the commonwealth. Country schools can be compared 

14 



vvith no fear of opprobrium, with town schools. Everywhere we find 
education methods making high strides to the fore. Community life is 
becoming part and parcel of school affairs. Adults are assuming a greater 
interest and a more direct participation in the community movement, both 
of which make for happiness and contentment. School buildings are used 
as social centers, providing amusement, recreation and diversion. Libraries 
are profusel}^ scattered over rural districts. 

In disseminating knowledge that will assist the farmer in intensive as 
well as extensive cultivation, granges, farmers' institutes, and similar 
organizations play a prominent part. The work of the State Agricultural 
Colleges is not to be overlo^oked in this- respect. 

Concretely speaking, farming is no longer an experiment but an absolute 
success. But, like every other worthwhile vocation it demands first, a 
well defined purpose to which must be applied ingenuity, a reasonable 
degree of effort, industry and perseverance in order to insure success. 
Potential wealth belongs to the man with the prudence to apply well 
directed energy and effort to the material at his feet. In spite of the 
demonstrated colossal opportunities, it is a deplorable fact that we have 
not sufficient intelligence and labor employed in this endeavor to supply 
the tax upon production. In the New England States particularly the 
demands are rapidly increasing but the farming propensity shows no 
commensurate increase. 

Farms can be ol)tained in sizes varying from half an acre to several 
hundred acres, minus improvement and with every degree of improvement. 
Many possess dwelling houses, the necessary farm buildings and equip- 
ment. If a small cottage in a valley, with a modest market garden, be 
the pleasure of the purchaser it can be had as readily as a palatial home- 
stead with all the latest appointments. Numerous farms are stocked and 
planted. 

Every purse can be suited in the financial reckoning. Purchase price 
from $3.50 upwards, with leasing rental at as low as five cents per acre. 
Liberal concessions are always in evidence. In the Far West, irrigated 
and unirrigated tracts can be bought from $3 to $30 per acre. 

Two-thirds of the total acreage of the State of Connecticut is adapted 
to agricultural pursuits. At the present moment there are available 22,029 
acres at an average cost of $33 per acre, and it is a conceded fact that 
this state does not supply her own population with the necessary product. 
New Hampshire has 13,050 acres to offer. Maine boasts no abandoned 
farms yet she has 29,273 acres to be sold at an average of $30 per acre. 
Vermont, "the bashful state," has 17,327 acres procurable from $5 per acre 
and thence upward, ranging in price and improvement to suit the most 
fastidious. Massachusetts places 1.877 acres on the market. Rhode 
Island, at an average price of $20, off'ers 13,284 acres. New Jersey has 
5,235 acres for which she wishes to find new owners or tenants. Penn- 
sylvania has 86,498 acres to be gotten rid of, at about $16 per acre. In 
Delaware there are ten thousand farms, half of them occupied by the 
owners and the remainder by tenants. Out of a total of 1.066.288 acres, 
754,010 are improved for agricultural purposes. Maryland offers 29,770 
acres. North Carolina has 205,870 acres to dispose of at an averacre of 
$12.50 per acre. Louisiana has 28.000,000 acres of which but 5.000.000 
have been cultivated. In West Virginia agriculture surpasses in im- 
portance the natural resources of the state. About one-third of the real 
estate value is made up of farm lands and buildings, which amount 
nearly equals the value of the public utilities of the state. There are two 
men employed in farming to each one engaged in manufacturing pursuits. 

15 



The total production of the farms equals the output of both the oil and 
coal fields in which this state ranks highly. And yet, despite these bare 
facts, hundreds of thousands of acres are being wasted for want of 
proper development. 30,024 acres are willing to change ownership or 
management in Tennessee at an average price of $32 an acre. Alabama 
wishes to find owners for 11,132 acres for which she asks $26 per acre. 
Georgia offers 4,274 acres, at an aggregate figure of $129,750, showing an 
average of $30. Idaho has a total acreage of 54,000,000 acres, 21,000,000 
of which are highly adapted to agriculture and can be purchased anywhere 
from $5 upward. In the Catskills of New York, a little over one hundred 
miles from Broadway, 2,650 acres of valuable timber land were quite 
recently sold at auction for $1,000 — thirty-nine cents an acre — think of it! 
At that figure, little or much might be said. 

An example of the stupendous lack of utilizing Mother Earth advantage- 
ously is seen in the dogged pertinacity of a farmer to grow only certain 
crops. This tendency is sometimes inherited, but more often acquired, 
where production is dependent upon ignorant and unskilled labor. (Dne of 
the chief causes of "abandoned" farms — perhaps the more charitable 
expression "overlooked" should be used — is the scarcity of labor. An- 
other and of greater import is the lack of intelligent supervision. Many 
hillsides are growing potatoes, corn, rye and hay when the most utilitarian 
products for the soil would be small fruits and vegetables. We have yet to 
learn intensive cultivation. Under proper treatment and diversification, 
two, three and oftentimes four crops can easily be produced in a year. 
It requires but simple and sane methods to produce intensive as well as 
extensive farming. Lack of proper information and unwillingness to 
apply proper and practical treatment accounts for many failures and small 
yields. Through intelligent direction, under experienced agriculturists, 
there is always a certainty of profitable returns of whatever is placed 
in the soil. 

The truth of the matter is that we do not have- sufficient expert knowl- 
edge nor actual labor to apply to our millions of acres lying in waste. 
And we are ashamed to admit our ignorance and permit ourselves to be 
taught by those best fitted to teach. Farming must be considered as a 
business and business principles and rules must be applied else ruin 
will obtain. 

Several of our states are vitally interested in the cultivation of the soy 
bean — a Chinese product. The Chemical Bureau of our Agricultural De- 
partment has engaged the services of a Chinese nutrition expert and sent 
her to China to learn "all about the soy bean." Manchuria produces 
this bean in such quantities that hundreds of thousands of tons are annually 
exported to Europe, and our Western coast furnishes a goodly market. 
If we are content to send to China for knowledge of one product indigen- 
ous to her soil, why should we not capitalize other information and labor 
in agriculture that she is only too glad to give us? 

Chinese farmers are specialists and rank second to none in this field. 
They are conceded the most intensive farmers in existence. China pro- 
duces all the vegetables known to us and many more. Her farmers are a 
sturdy class, thrifty, industrious, honest and morally upright — and are 
most willing and anxious to serve us in the manner they are best fitted. 
With their painstaking instruction and patient and persistent efforts, 
our vast unoccupied territory would soon be made a fertile oasis, 
plentifully productive. 

We have a momentous question to decide but with exact knowledge 
and experience at our disposal the decision should not be one of mucli 

16 



difficulty. Millions of adaptable idle acres at ridiculously low prices- 
money available for their purchase and improvement at remarkablv low 
interest rates— intelligent supervision and labor procurable through the 
mere performance of our duty— what will be the decision? Be that as it 
may— upon it rests the creation of the position the United States will 
assume in the economic world to come. 



Chinese Coolies Vers Chinese Farmers 







This is the Chinese ideogragh 
(character) for cooHe. 

Its literal meaning is plenty 
loose talk, or unreasonable 
muttering. 

'Kung Ren. This is the 
Chinese character for Farm 
Laborer. It signifies rented 
muscle. 

This is the Chinese character 
for Farmer. It is allied to tien, 
which means Heaven, Celestial 
One, Reverence. It also suggests 
abundance and endurance. 

The radical ta signified great, 
large, noble, surplus, the Chief of 
Men. 

17 







The Chinese Republic News 



Published Every Saturday by 

Chinese Republic News Publishing Co. 

108 Park Row New York N. Y. 



Enteied ailhe Post Office Bt New Yotl City. N.Y. •• Second Class Mattn. Satnrday MAY. 26 1917 V«d. 9 No. 20 Whole Number 848 






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AMERICAN MERCHANTS DESIRE TO GET THE CHINESE 
FARMERS TO COME TO THE U. S. 

Mr, Van Norden, an American, has gojourned in China for sev- 
eral years. At present, he is a merchant in the tea house at 62 South 
St., of this city. As now the United States has entered the war, the 
sufficiency of soldiers and the sufficiency of food are equally impor 
tant. Mr. Van Norden is very well acquainted that the fundamental 
basis of China is agriculture, and that almost all of its people know 
agriculture. He desires to mobilize 500,000 Chinese to come to tnc 
United States for cultivation. On Tuesday of this week, he sent hid 
secretary to our office to converse on the subject, and we noted they 
were very enthusiastic. 

In his statements printed in the Herald, Mr. Van Norden de- 
clared: "Some days ago, on my fishing tour, I passed through thf 
CatskiUs. On one of the farms, the members of the family gatherec'i 
together and chatted. They were very enthusiastic to serve the coui/- 
try, and desirous to carry a weapon to go to war. But they weic 
worried that there are no people to take their places in cultivating 
the five cereals to supply the soldiers and the people in the country. 
In my opinion, if we want to solve this problem, we must permit a 
half million Chinese to enter the United States, We have known that 
the Chinese farmers are ranked second only to the scholars among the 
four peoples. If we permit a half million Chinese farmers to enter 
the United States, it would be a great benefit to our country. If the 
Chinese farmers can bring along with them their wives when they 
come, and enter the lists of our citizenship, it would be a better 
measure. Moreover, the Chinese recognize the Americans as No. 1 
good friends, therefore they look at the Americans differently from 
the people of the other coun ries. We should take this opportunity 
to show our friendship, permitting a half million Chinese to enter the 
United States for cultivation. Our country needs them urgently, and 
they want to come to our country eagerly." 

On Tuesday evening of this week, the Chinese Consolidated 
Benevolent A' sociation held a meeting. Mr. Monfoon Jung, Asso- 
ciate Editor of the Chinese Republic News, reported to it about Mr. 
Van Norden, an American m,erchant, who advocates to permit the 
Chinese farmers to enter the United States. They decided unani- 
mously to send Rev. Mr. Leeto and Mr. Jung to visit Mr. Van Norden 
and to find out about his movement. In the conversations with Mr. 
Lee and Mr. Jung, Mr. Van Norden declared: "My idea is different 
from the suggestion of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Asso- 
ciation of San Francisco. That Association's suggestion is that it 
desires to render service in getting the Chinese to come to the United 
States, and send them back at the end of the war. My advocation is 
to permit the Chinese farmers, bringing along with them their wives 
and children, to come to the United States. On their arrival in this 
country, let them receive the certificates of citizenship. Then they 
will go to the different States to purchase the farms and arrange for 
cultivation. After a long while, they will be assimilated with the 
Americans. There are plenty vacant farms in every state. If we can 
get the Chinese to take care of them, the production would be plen- 
tiful. The Chinese are versed in agriculture. They can use the mini- 
mum acreage to produce the maximum production." — Literal Trans- 
lation of Chinese Article on onposite page. 

19 



{From a Publicity Pamphlet.) 



NOT SLAVES BUT TEACHERS! 

The most vital problem to be solved by the United States Gov- 
ernment at the present moment is food production. We must furnish 
our Allies, our Army and our Civil population with sustenance. There- 
fore, we MUST produce. 

On an acre of land — we are told — one boy produced fifteen 
bushels of corn. On an adjoining acre, another boy produced two 
hundred and fifty bushels. Why this extreme divergence in cultiva- 
tion? The answer is simple— one was the result of applied expert 
knowledge of how and what to do. The other, through unintelligent 
and haphazard methods. 

Can the United States, fraught with the burdens of the World 
War, pay the price of inexperience? Is it a common sense procedure 
to ignore the application of expert advice and ability to DO when 
it can speedily and economically be secured? Would any sane busi- 
ness man jeopardize the life of his organization by placing unskilled 
labor where skilled was essential? No, not at any price. So why 
should the United States Government — we the people of the United 
States — jeopardize life upon our Continent and the life of our Allies 
by sending men upon our farms who know nothing of farming? 

No one surpasses the Chinese farmer in his knowledge of inten- 
sive land cultivation. We are not speaking of the Chinese coolie who 
has heretofore worked in the United States under bondage or contract 
labor. The Chinese farmer ranks second to none in Agriculture. 

Are we too proud to accept the teachings of those best qualified 
to instruct? Are we to be real Americans, maintaining the heritage 
our forefathers fought and died to establish, or are we to be guided 
by a mawkish sentiment over individual liberty and right? 

Each real American will stretch every sinew to avert the holocaust 
that will sooner or later, but nevertheless surely, come if food pro- 
duction is not efficiently established. 

Put aside erroneous impressions — analyze your racial antagonism 
— intelligence dissipates false ideas. Reason and foresight must say 

ADMIT THE CHINESE AGRICULTURIST! 

20 



AFTER THE WAR 

After this long dreary Winter of War and agony, will there be Spring 
in Europe? Will there be Spring in America? Spring suggests germs, 
vitality, sunshine, revival, blosoming, fruition. 

Today in Europe, are there seeds of social, commercial, and intel- 
lectual revival awaiting the genial return of peace, or have these seeds 
been winter-killed? 

The Pope, in the spring of 1915, said that if the European war should 
continue, it would result in the suicide of the civilization of the Continent. 
Lord Lansdowne, a few days ago, voiced the same warning. The war 
has continued, and I for one, believe that it has gone sufficiently far to 
indicate that on the Continent there will be no revival of industry or 
art. The continental nations are already flat, and if left to themselves it 
will take centuries of convalescence to bring them back to where they 
were prior to 1914. The question is whether they will be left to them- 
selves, or whether in their weakened condition they will be harassed and 
domineered over by the more virulent nations from the East. Should the 
Japanese and the people of Central Asia, joining with the Slavs and pos- 
sibly with the remnant of the Teutons, enslave the Continent, the result 
might easily be one thousand years of dark ages. 

The question that affects us most is whether after the War, there will be 
a reconstruction period in America. When the wonderful, inspiring, 
blessed, magnificently won peace comes, in what shape will be the seed 
of our own beloved American people? 

Thanks to the efficiency of our Government, which has developed with 
unparalleled dispatch and precision, and thanks to the Y. M. C. A., with its 
daringly, comprehensive plans — our boys at the front will receive all 
the care which devotion and money can bestow. But more men to pro- 
duce food we must have. Where is there to look for them, except from 
China, Japan or India? If we select the Chinese — and that seems to be 
the choice — is it not but reasonable to seek out the best blood that may be 
procured? Why deliberately choose the inferior? 

I, by no means, depreciate the Chinese Coolie. Of his class, he is 
superior to many who have come to our shores. Those who have made 
their records in Californiia are admired by all intelligent men. It must 
also be borne in mind that in China, as in America, men are judged by 
their merits, and many farmers, many officials of rank, have risen from 
the class we call Coolie. In publishing the following partial list of the 
Chinese in New York, my ambition has been to draw attention to the 
manner in which the Chinese-Americans have developed and attained posi- 
tions of respect and standing in the Metropolitan City. 

CHINESE WHO'S WHO IN NEW YORK 

The sketches have been written by leaders in Chinatown, and are 
given, for the most part, in their own language. The pictures are fur- 
nished at my most urgent request, because I, for one, am proud to realize 
that we have amongst us such sturdy co-patriots. When looking into their 
faces, remember that many of them are serving our country in the pres- 
ent crisis — in War Training Camps as well as under the various organiza- 
tions incident to the War; and further, that one of the Chinese-born resi- 
dents, several weeks after War was declared, commenced to drill a regi- 
ment of New York Chinese which was offered to the War Department. 

Warner M. Van Norden. 
21 



WHO'S WHO 

Of the Chinese 
in New York 



Who^s Who of the Chinese in New York 




Cheiv Houng 

CHEW HOUNG— was born in the year 1867 in the district of San Wei 
in the province of Kwang Tung. While yet quite young he succeeded his 
father in business. Mr. Chew, Senior, was a merchant in the city of San 
Wei. Twenty years ago Mr. Chew came to New York, He has been 
an associate member of the firms of Hong Lum Chun and Quong Yuen 
Sing. Nine years ago he opened a noodle factory at 9 Doyers Street. 
This enterprise was later removed to its present address. 
Address — 12 Chatham Square. 

CHIN GANHAR— was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
province, in 1877. His early education was received in private schools 
of Hoy San and later he enrolled as a student in the Normal School of 
Canton. He was elected a teacher in the school of Look Chun, located 
at Hoy San, where he served for one year. Leaving Look Chun, he 
accepted a similar position in the High School of Ding Huie. In the 
latter part of the year 1909 he came to New York. He made a study 
of the commercial situation in which his countrymen here were involved 
and in 1913 became business manager of the Chinese Republic News. 
Address— 108 Park Row. 

25 



CHIN HING — was born in the year 1866 in the district of Hoy San in 
the province of Kwang Tung. At the age of sixteen he left school and 
entered the commercial field. Ten years were spent in this manner, then 
San Francisco called him across the ocean. He became a partner of the 
firm of Mon Tai and retained this partnership until 1897 when he came 
to New York to take up the management of Ying Chong. This position 
he still occupies. 
Address— 34 Mott Street. 




Chin Oil 

CHIN ON — was l)orn in 1874 in the district of Hoy San in the province 
of Kwang Tung. He studied until he was eighteen years old in the 
public and private schools of his native district. Following his graduation 
he taught school for one year. This he discontinued to go into business 
for himself in the city of Kwang Huie. At the age of twenty-five he 
came to New York and accepted the position of liookkeeper with Ying 
Chong. Seven years later he returned to China and engaged in business 
in Hong Kong. In 1915 he made a second journey to New ^'ork, accom- 
panied by his entire family composed of his wife, one daughter and five 
sons. Mr. Chin is associated with the firm of Sun Yuen Hing. 
Address— 35 Pell Street. 



CHIN NOM — was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung prov- 
ince, in the year 1859. In 1875 he landed in San Francisco and became a 

26 



member of t4ie tirm oC Shu Chang Cliono. This establishment, was de- 
stroyed by Hre three years later and Mr. Chin came East. Boston claimed 
iiim" as a merchant 'for fifteen years. Upon coming to New York in 
1906 he became affiliated with Quong Wo Chung. As President of the 
Chinese Free Masons, Mr. Chin has served since 1914, and as the Presi- 
dent of the Chinese Republic News since 1913. 
Address— 23 Pell Street. 




CI lift JJ'tt Dong 

CHIN WU DONG— was born in the year 1864 in the district of Hoy 
San, Kwang Tung province. Seventeen years later he came to San Fran- 
cisco where he remained until 1887. He then came to New York as 
manager of Quong Wo Chung. In 1895 he made a trip to China and 
engaged in trade in Hong Kong for a period of -two years, following 
which' he came back to New York. Business affairs took him once more 
to Hong Kong in 1903. Returning to the United States in 1906 he actively 
resumed his duties as manager of Quong W^o Chung. 
Address — 25 Pell Street. 

CHIN SHUNG HAN— is a native of the district of Hoy San in the 
province of Kwang Tung, where he was born in 1867. At the age of 
eighteen he left China for the Straits Settlement. Not being satisfied with 
the business situation there he journeyed to San Francisco. As a mer- 
chant he remained there until 1905 when he came to New York. He 

27 



lias been associated with Quong Wo Cheng and Wing Wo Chong. De- 
siring to see the new order of things in the New Republic, he went to 
China in 1912 — the first year of the Chinese Republic. His second journey 
to the United States was made the following year and he resumed his 
position with Wing Wo Chong. In 1916 he became a member of the 
firm of Mun Yick Lung. 
Address— 28^ Pell Street. 

CHIN T. QUAY — was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
providence, in the year 1887. His elementary education was received in 
his native district but he early engaged in commercial enterprises. In 
1903 he came to New York and held several minor positions in com- 
rnercial houses. Seven years ago he became manager of Kwong Yick 
Yuen, which position he still fills. 
Address— 10 Pell Street. 




Lf^iiii 1' ouk 

CHIN YOOK — was born in the district of Hoy San in the province of 
Kwang Tung. He came directly to New York in 1895. Four years were 
spent in high school and then he became associated with Quong Wo 
Chung. Being a born manager and organizer he has exercised his ability 
as manager of the Garden of Cathay and Jung Sy — both restaurants of 
this city. At the moment, Mr. Chin is manager for the Quong Wing 
Shing Company. 
Address — 8 Doyers Street. 

28 



CHU GUNG YUE— hails from the district of San Woi. Tales of the 
Western world lured him to San Francisco in 1892 where he remained 
for one year. He took up his residence in New York in 1893, and five 
years later became a member of the firm of Hang Lum Chun. 
Address — 4 Doyers Street. 




Lnuy jjuw 

CHOY DOW — came to the United States from the district of Hock 
San in the year 1890. He became affiliated with the Wing Wo Hing 
Company, now dissolved. His sagacity and ability was capitalized by 
the Chip Kee Company, Inc., which elected him president and treasurer 
in 1910. 
Address— 11 Mott Street. 

CHU WILLIAM JOE — received his education in the Classical School 
of the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province. To be permitted to 
enter the Chinese Classical School, the student must be possessed with 
more than ordinary intelligence. In 1887 Mr. Chu went to Japan and 
opened a curio and novelty shop which he operated for one year. Five 
years later, in 1893, he came to New York. When the Chinese Reform 
News commenced publication in 1901 he was installed as editor, a posi- 
tion he held for one year. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associa- 
tion of this city elected Mr. Chu president of its organization for the 
term of office in 1908. During .1916-'17 he served as secretary to the 
Four Brothers Society. Mr. Chu is a merchant in the store of Ye Hing. 
Address— 20 Pell Street. 

29 



CHU YEE FOOK — was born m Bntte. IMontana, thirty-three years 
a^o. When lie was four years old his parents took him to China so that 
he might received elementary training in the schools of his ancestors. 
At the age of eighteen he returned to the United States. He was an as- 
sociate-merchant of Fook Hing at the corner of Doyers and Pell Streets, 
this city, for eight years. For the past seven he has been manager of 
Mon Hing. Mr. Chu has three children, the oldest in attendance at pub- 
lic school. 
Address— ar/' Pell Street. 




Chu Fong Lcc 



CHU FONG LEE — came to San Francisco in the year 1875 from the dis- 
trict of Sun Woi, in the province of Kw'ang Tung, Six years later he- 
crossed the continent and established a department store in New York. Mr. 
Chu has managed and operated not'less than six different stores in this city. 
During a recent visit to China he opened a store in Hong Kong. His 
present enterprise opened its doors for trade in 1915 under the name of 
Fong Lee. 
Address — 10 Doyers Street. 

CHUNCIN KUHWEI CHANG— was born in Shaown, Fukien prov- 
ince, China, in January, 1894. The Chinese government sent him to the 
United States to study at the age of seventeen. He enrolled as a fresh- 
man in the University of Michigan in 1911, and was graduated in 1914. 
September, 1914, found Mr. Chuncin as a regular student in the Law De- 

30 



partment of Columbia University. He was .graduated in June, 1917, and 
at present is engaged in post-graduate work in law. 
Address-404 West 116th Street. 




Cliu I'liiig ll'i)ig 

CHU FUNG WING— known to Americans by the name of Mr. Mon 
Lee is one of the oldest residents among the Chinese of New York. He 
was born in the year 1845, in the village of Har Lou, in the district of 
Sun Woi, Kwang" Tung province. Having completed his education at the 
age of twenty-two he made his way to the United States, landing in San 
Francisco in 1867. Two years later when the Chinese commenced their 
migration eastward, Mr. Chu was one of the first contingent arriving in 
New York. Forty-eight years' residence in this city has found him asso- 
ciated with five different firms, but four years ago he retired from active 
business pursuits. The welfare of his countrymen has always been an 
issue close to the heart of Mr. Chu. In 1905 he organized an "Association 
for Terminating Opium" and established an "Opium Hospital" at 105 
Park Street. He was president of the association and advanced all the 
money — ^to say notliing of his liberal contrilnition — to purchase the neces- 
sary equipment and for the initial operating expenses of the hospital. 
So great is his influence, and his integritj' and wisdom so highly esteemed, 
that the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association always request his 
presence when vital decisions are to be made. This organization unajii- 
mously voted him "President of Arbitration" in 1914. The Chinese gov- 
ernment officials have bestowed high praise upon Mr. Chu for his ad- 

31 



mirable work. The gold medal worn by him in the accompanying photo- 
graph was conferred by Prince Piu Lun of the late dynasty. Wu Tang 
Fang, during the term of his ministry in the United States, recommended 
Mr. Chu as a candidate for magistrate in his native district in China. 
The title was conferred by the Chinese government upon Mr. Chu three 
times — twice upon the recommendation of Mr. Wu and once upon that 
of Liang Chun Tung. Mr. Chu has been blessed with eight children — 
five sons and three daughters. The oldest son, Su Gunn, is actively 
connected with the Nationalist Party. 
Address— 37 ISIott Street. 





-rm jdl 


■ 


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^>^|^^H 


^^^^^^^^^^^H 



Chu Sing Feng 



CHU SING FENG — is forty-seven years old and was born in the dis- 
trict of San Woi, in the province of Kwang Tung. Upon being gradu- 
ated from school in his native district he went to Hong Kong and en- 
gaged in business. In 1900 he came to New York and assumed the man- 
agement of the firm of Hang Lum Chun. This position he still maintains. 
Address — 4 Dovers Street. 



CHUNG K. T.— came to the United States directly to New York in 1914 
from the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province. He is a graduate of 
Canton Christian College, and was sent by the Chinese Government to 
study in the United States. Mr. Chung is enrolled at Columbia University 
and is an alternate teacher of the Chinese language in the Chinese School. 
Address— 542 West 124th Street. 

32 



DO SHIN— Hoy San is the native district of Mr. Do who was born in 
1875. He came to the United States at the age of twenty, and attended 
the Moody School at Mount Hermon, Massachusetts. Following this, 
four years were spent in High School in thij city. He accepted a posi- 
tion with the General Trading Company, now dissolved. In 1904 he was 
engaged as a translator on the staff of the Chinese Reform News. This 
position he held for three years. He was elected treasurer of the Quong 
King Lung Company in 1909, and still holds the position. 
Address— 44 Mott Street. 




Cnu Mon ^mg 



CHU MON SING — better known by his Americanized name — J. M. 
Singleton — came to the United States in 1872. For six years he did mis- 
sionary service in Oakland, California, under the auspices of the Reformed 
Presbyterian Church. In 1882 he came to New York and became affili- 
ated with the Congregational Church in Brooklyn in a similar capacity. A 
few years later he assumed the duties of Chinese interpreter in the Cus- 
tom House of New York. At the formation of the Chinese Reform 
Party in New York in 1900, he was elected President. He has filled 
this office ever since, as w^ell as the Presidency of the Eastern Division 
of the party, extending from Maine to Chicago and St. Louis inclusive. 
As a court interpreter, Mr. Singleton is a well-known figure, and the 
care of his Long Island farm, of one himdred and fifty acres, consumes 
considerable of his time. 
Address — ^292 Village Street, Rockville Centre, Long Island. 

33 



FONG KEN CHUN— came from the district of Hock San, Kwang Tung 
province. At the age of twenty he went to Canton arid accepted a position 
with a silk thread concern. In 1887 he came to the United States and re- 
mained in San Francisco for a short time, thence going to Helena, Mon- 
tana, where he opened a novelty store. In 1905 he came to New York 
and was associated with the Chinese Exchange Company, a concern organ- 
ized for the purpose of sending moneys to China. In 1913 he became 
affiliated with the China-American Trading Company, subsequently leav- 
ing to taken his present position with the Chinese Bazaar. 
Address — 2193 Broadway. 




Chun Dick 



CHUN DICK — was born in San Francisco in 1873. His education was 
received in the public schools of that city. The life of a commercial 
traveler appealed to Mr. Chun, and for twenty years he employed his 
time in such manner. In 1911 he came to New York and became as- 
sociated with the Fo Sing Yuen Company. .Mr. Chun was one of the 
first Chinese-Americans to do jury duty in our courts. 
Address — 104 East Sixteenth Street. 

HA THUN FOOK — or T. F. Halle, as most Americans know him, was 
born in the province of Kwang Tung, and came to the United States in 
1900, going directly to Chicago. He attended public school for three years 
and spent two more in the high school. In the year 1910 he came to New 
York and studied for one year at New York University. For five genera- 

:4 



tioiis the family of Mr. Ha has been a follower of Christianity. When 
thirteen years old, Mr. Ha was baptized in the Baptist Church. At pres- 
ent, he is actively connected with the missionary work of the Baptist 
Temple of Brooklyn. His wife, whom he married ten years ago, is also 
quite active in charity work. Mr. Ha owns and conducts a novelty store. 
Address — Chinese Christian Union, 3102 Fulton Street, Brooklyn. 




Chit Sn Gutni 

CHU SU GUNN— the oldest son of Chu Fung Wing, was born in the 
village of Har Lou, in the district of Sun Woi, Kwang Tung province, 
thirty-one years ago. Upon the completion of his university training in 
China, he was sent to study in Japan, where he remained for two years. 
His return to China and a year's association with governmental activities 
preceded his coming to San Francisco in 1906. Mr. Chu was aijsociated 
with "Young China'' — a political organization of that city — and was a 
member of the editorial staff of its official publication. He came to New 
York the following year and entered the establishment of his father who 
was then a merchant. Mr. Chu, however, was vitally concerned with the 
affairs of "Young China" and decided the organization needed a repre- 
sentative branch in New York. ■ About this time. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the 
nominal sponsor of "Young China," made a visit to New York and was 
very much impressed with the pioneer work of Mr. Chu. The result was 
that before Dr. Sun left New York, "Young China" had an organized 
branch in the city and Mr. Chu was made treasurer, a position he tilled 
for five years. Mr. Chu's duties were not continod alone to those of 

35 



treasurer. Being an able speaker he was sent to many cities to speak for 
"Young China" and many branches were organized under his super- 
vision. He has been a contributing editor to the various publications of 
the Nationalist Party and has recently resigned as editor of the Mun 
Hey Weekly — the New York organ of the party. Mr. Chu expects to 
make a visit to China early in the New Year in order to review the 
governmental and economic situation. 
Address— 16 Pell Street. 




Chung Bing 



CHUNG BING — was born in the district of Hoy San in the year 1852. 
He remained in school until 1872, and then went to Macao. Here he 
opened a grocery store and sold the daily food to people of this colony. 
Crossing the Pacific Ocean in 1877 he landed in San Francisco. For 
about eight years he owned and operated a cigar factory. In 1887 he 
came to New York and engaged in the grocery business. This was not 
to his peculiar liking, and finally, in 1900, he^ resumed his former line of 
trade and established a cigar factory at 176 Park Row. Later he re- 
moved to the scene of his first business venture in New York. Mr. 
Chung has two daughters and one son — Har Hing, who is a student in 
Heffley Institute, Brooklyn. 
Address— 22 Mott Street. 

36 




Chung J. K. 

CHUNG, J. K. — was born in the district of Hiiie Ping. Kwang Tung 
province, in the year 1890. His early education was received in the 
elementary schools of China and in 1904 he came to the United States 
and entered the American-International School at Springfield. Massa- 
chusetts. In 1909 he entered the Law Department of Yale and in 1912 
he enrolled as a special student in the Brooklyn Law School. He re- 
ceived his degree the following year, but owing to American ruling Mr. 
Chung is not a member of the Bar Association. 
Address — 215 ^Montague Street, Brooklyn. 



CHOU KEW — was born November 25, 1867, in Sunning district. Kwang 
Tung province, China. L"^ntil 1882 he was a student in the schools of 
China. That year he came to the Cnited States and settled in California. 
He was actively connected with the Christian ^Missionary work among 
his people and visited many cities on behalf of such interests. In 1887 
he entered Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts, and was graduated 
in 1893. The following year was spent in the study of English literature 
at Greenfield, ^Massachusetts, and the succeeding year found him residing 
in Boston. In 1895 he removed to Brooklyn where he has lived ever since. 
Mr. Chou has greatly been interested in matters directly affecting his 
countrymen. For twenty years he has advocated the adoption of Chris- 
tianity by his people, abroad and at home, and is vitally opposed to their 
return to Confucianism. Further, Air. Chou has made an especial study 

37 



of the Chinese Exclusion Act and has rendered important service hi 
complicated cases brought before the Courts and also before the Immi- 
gration Bureau. He is particularly interested in the adoption of western 
learning by the Chinese and has actively been concerned with the Y. M. 
C. A. work in China, as well as with the work of the Canton Christian 
College. In 1903, Mr. Chou married Miss Voorhees, a great-granddaughter 
of Fitch Randolph, who donated the site for Princeton University. They 
have one child, Kathleen, thirteen years old, who is a student in the 
second academic class of Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, in prepa- 
ration for entrance at Vassar. Mr. Chou is frequently called upon to 
assist in the solution of complicated questions coming up for disposition 
before the Jung Wah Kung Sor — the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent 
Association. He represents the Eastern Division of Chinese in the pro- 
tection of their interests at Washington. In 1912, he was before the 
House Committee on Immigration with the Honorable Samuel Powers, 
of Boston; Honorable Jackson Ralston, of Washington, and Colonel John 
P. Irish, of California, opposing the sections of the Immigration Laws 
relating to the exclusion of the Chinese from the United States. Mr. 
Chou lives in the neighborhood commonly known as "Spotless Town," 
founded by Congressman F. W. Rowe. 
Address — 1402 Union Street, Brooklvn. N. Y. 




tong Moil Chcc 

PONG MON CHEE— Hui Ping district, in the province of K\vang 
Tung is the nati\e home of Mr. Fong, who came to the Ignited States 



in 1882. He was a merchant with the Hong Chung Company until the 
year 1887, when he left to accept a position as bookkeeper with the firm 
of Joe Chung Wing, both firms located in San Francisco. Desiring to 
see more of the Western part of the United States, he started northward 
and a few years later took up his residence in Portland, Oregon. His 
business association there was with the Hong Fook Company. A longing 
for home took him to China in 1910, and while there he established a 
primary school in his native district. Coming to New- York in 1914. he 
was prevailed upon to open the store of Quong Mee Yuen, and assume 
the managership thereof. His oldest son, Fong Yun, is associated with 
him in business. 
Address~16 Pell Street. 





I15 



bong Sun 

FONG SUN — was born in the district of Hock San, Kwang Tung 
province in the year 1886. He studied for four years in the Intermediate 
School of Hock San, and then went to Canton as a merchant with a Shoe 
Manufacturing Company. In 1910 he came to the United States, stopping 
in Sacramento. In 1914 he came to New York and became a member of 
the China-American Trading Company, 
Address — 108 East Sixteenth Street. 



JAY BUN — is forty -live years old and was born in San Francisco. His 
parents took him to China at an early age in order that he might receive 
his education in the schools of China. However, at the age of sixteen he 

39 



returned to the United States and engaged in business in San Francisco. 
In 1900 he came to New York and became manager of the Tai Jan Com- 
pany. 
Address — 45 Mott Street. 




Fong Wing 



FONG WING — was born in 1870 in the district of Huie Ping, Kwang 
Tung province. In 1881 he came to the United States. For many years 
he resided in Portland, Oregon, and later migrated to Boston, Massa- 
chusetts. In 1897 he concluded New York was the best place for him, and 
he became an associate merchant with Hang Lum Chun, of 4 Doyers 
Street. He continued in this capacity for nine years, since which time he 
has been connected with Quong Yuen Sing. 
Address— 32 Mott Street. 



LEE HIM — came from the district, of Huie San, Kwang Tung province, 
where he was born in 1863. Since his arrival in the United States twen- 
ty-five years ago, Mr. Lee has been associated as a merchant with the 
firm of Tai Lung. One son is a merchant with the same organization. 
Address— 31 Pell Street. 

40 




Hock Cliu 



HOCK CHU — is an American citizen, having been born in San Fran- 
cisco in 1877. At the age of five he was taken to China. Upon the com- 
pletion of his education there, Mr. Hock decided to return to the United 
States and came to New York in 1904. The same year he was elected 
treasurer of Sun Quong Lung. He has been treasurer of the Chinese 
Republic News since 1914, and is also treasurer of the Chinese Free 
Masons, and the Vice-President of the Chinese-American Citizens Al- 
liance. 

Address— 23 Pell Street. 



41 




Jung Lai Sang 

JUNG LAI SANG — was born in the village of Sar Hock in the district 
of Hiiie Ping, in the province of Kwang Tung. In his boyhood days he 
heard often the medical terms, for his father, grand and great-grand- 
father were rnedical men. In 1903, at the age of twenty-two, after leav- 
ing the Classical school, he entered a private school to study medicine 
with the purpose of perpetuating the reputation of the family known as 
the "Family of Doctors." Four years later he was graduated and com- 
menced practising in Sar Hock, 'in 1910 he traveled to the Straits Set- 
tlement and settled in Nederlandsch Indie, where he practised for five 
years. Two years ago he came to the United States, and the greater por- 
tion of this time has been spent m traveling over the country. 

Address— 23 Pell Street. 



42 




Jung Monfoon 

JUNG MONFOON— was born December 1, 1880, in the district of 
Hock San, Kwang Tung province. He was placed in school at the age of 
seven and his aptitude for learning acquired for him the name of "Tail- 
less Bird" because tail-less birds soon fly to the fartherest heights. At the 
age of seventeen he w-as graduated, carrying with him the highest hon- 
ors in a literary contest with youths ranging in age from twenty to twen- 
ty-eight years. Shortly after he came to the United States and was em- 
ployed in New- Britain and Rockville, Conn., until 1906. While in New- 
Britain he became a member of the South Congregational Church, and 
has constantly maintained an active interest in the affairs of the church. 
With the aid of several of his countrymen Mr. Jung, in 1904, organized in 
Hartford, Conn., the Chinese Reform Association. This was the first 
patrotic Chinese organization in America, and Mr. Jung was elected Vice- 
President. In 1906 he entered Allen School of West Newton, Mass., for 
one year, following this period of study with another year in Upsala 
College at Kenihvorth, N. J. Until 1911 Mr. Jung was employed in 
various capacities, both in New York and Pittsburgh, Pa. That year 
the Chinese Reform News offered him th^e position of manager, which he 
accepted, l)ut resigned in 1912 to take up the duties of sedretar)^ to the 
Chinese Reform Association of New York. The latter part of the same 
year he became a stockholder of the Chinese Republic News, and was 
made assistant editor of the publication. The Chinese Daily News en- 
gaged him as assistant editor in 1913. Upon the discontinuation of this 
publication in Septeml)er, 1914, ]\fr. Jung returned to the Chinese Re- 
public News and assumed his present position as associate editor. 
Address— 108 Park Row^ 

43 




Kwan Uan Yee 



KWAN GAN YEE— was born in the district ol Huie Ping, Kwang 
Tung province in the year 1881. He studied in the Classical School in 
the city of Huie Ping for many years, and upon graduation entered 
the Military Training School at Canton. He was graduated in 1901 and 
served as a military instructor in the school affording him this training. 
In 1903 he returned to his native district and became a teacher in the 
High School until 1907. The High School of Hainan Island offered him 
the position of principal, which he accepted and held for the two years 
following. Mr. Kwan came to New York in 1910 and entered New 
York University in 1913. He was graduatetd in 1915 and became a mem- 
ber of the firm of Han Lay Company. At present he is traveling in 
Cuba in the interests of the firm. 

Address — 9 West Twenty-ninth Street. 



44 




Kwan Sui Kui 



KWAN SUI KUI— Huie Ping district in the province of Kwang Tung, 
claims Mr. Kwan as a native. He was born in the year 1884, and at the 
age of twenty-two entered the Two Kwang Military School. Following 
his graduation, Mr. Kwan became a teacher in the primary school of his 
native district. In 1909 he went to Cuba and engaged in commercial en- 
terprises. During his six years of residence in Cuba he served for two 
terms as President of the Chinese Association of Cuba. He returned 
to China for a short visit and then came to the United States. Mr. Kwan 
is secretary of the Han Lay Company. 



Address — 9 West Twenty-ninth Street. 



45 




Lai Yok Fong 



f-'Al^ YOK FONG' — was born in tlie village of Sai Chew in the district 
)f Nam Huie. Kwang Tung province fifty-one years ago. He was gradu- 
ited from school at the age of twenty-two and the following year went to 
Fapan as a merchant. One year later he came to the United States and 
vas employed in San Francisco as the manager for Chy Lung. In 1898 
le came to New York and became manager for Lin Fong, which position 
le occupied for thirteen years, leaving to accept his present and a similar 
)ne with Fo Sing Yuen. Mr. Lai has made several trips to China during 
lis sojourn in the United States. 

\ddress— 104 East Sixteenth Street. 



46 




Lee B. Lok 



LEE B. LOK — called L. B. Lok by many Americans, was born in the 
village of Xum Chun, in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province, 
forty-eight years ago. He came to New York in 1887 and studied in the 
evening high schools for several years. He acts as an interpreter for 
his people and assists them in divers ways with their associations among 
American people. Since his arrival he has been the assistant manager of 
Quong Yuen Sing. 

Address— 32 Mott Street. 



47 




Lee Du 



LEE DU — is an American citizen of Chinese descent, having been born 
in San Francisco, July 21, 1879. At the age o£ four he was taken by his 
parents to the home of his ancestors where he was placed in school like 
the boys of the Chinese citizens. In 1901 he returned to the United States 
and came to New York. He was a member of the firm of Tuck High 
Company, 19 Mott Street. Chinese restaurants were steadily thriving 
and Mr. Lee was not slow to see his opportunity in this direction. Subse- 
quently, he severed his connection with the Tuck High Company and left 
Chinatown and opened several restaurants up town. Mr. Lee has made 
a tremendous success with this venture. Although his time was well 
occupied by this activity, he had time for other things. He regretted ex- 
ceedingly that the American citizens of Chinese parents ignored their cit- 
izen rights, therefore, in 1915 he, with the aid of his associates, after 
many days of hard work, organized the Chinese-American Citizens Al- 
liance. The fundamental purpose of the Alliance was to awaken the Ameri- 
can-born Chinese to a realization of their rights and obligations and to 
stimulate them to an intelligent performance of their duties. Mr. Lee 
has been President of the Alliance since its formation. As an American 
citizen, Mr. Lee's loyalty is above reproach. In these needy days of war 
time he is doing not only his bit, but a lot. He is a volunteer of the 
Home Defense League, and was a volunteer for service under the Sec- 
ond Liberty Loan Subscription. During the State Military Census of 
1917, Mr. Lee was volunteer captain of the staff doing duty in China- 
town. He is also an active member of the Red Cross. 



Address — 677 Third Avenue. 



48 




Lee Eng 



LEE ENG — was born in Hoy San district, Kwang Tung province in the 
year 1868. He came to San Francisco at the age of sixteen, and five 
years later came to New York. He performed various kinds of work, 
such as painting signs, serving as an apprentice to a phimber, an electri- 
cal engineer and a carpenter. Twenty-four years ago he opened a shop 
which he had stocked with all sorts of musical instruments, music sup- 
plies, watches, jewelry, etc. This business Mr. Lee has found quite re- 
munerative. In 1907 he married Miss Ann M. Turner, of Union Hill, 
N. J. They have one child, Lorraine, three .and a half years old. 

Address— 42 Pell Street. 



49 



LEM WAH — Hoy San district in .the province of Kwang Tung is the 
native home of Mr. Lem. He arrived in the United States in 1869. 
When the New York office of the Canadian Pacific Railway was opened, 
Mr. Lem was installed as the Chinese agent and interpreter. This posi- 
tion he still maintains. 

Address — ^1231 Broadway. 




Lcc Gum Pov 



LEE GUM POY — is a son of Lee Yick Deep, and was horn in New- 
York in 1900. Mr. Lee has attended the puhlic and high schools of this 
city and studied art in the De Witt Clinton High School. At present he 
is attending Pratt Listitute, Brooklyn, N. Y. During the taking of the 
State Military census in the Spring of this year, Mr. Lee offered his 
services and acted as secretary. He is a member of the Chinese Boy 
Scouts. 



Address— 32 Mott Street. 



50 



LEE JACK— was horn in San I'rancisco. forty-tlircc years ago. \\ lien 
he was tv\(i years old his parents took him to China in order to give him 
a preliminary edncation in their native country. At the age of twelve Ik 
came to New York with his father, and a few years later entered upon hi- 
husiness career under the supervision of his father, who was a member 
of the former Quong Ling Wah Company. Four years ago Mr. Lee' be 
came manager of the Delmonica Restaurant. He has made two visit- 
to China, remaining a year upon each occasion. 

Address— 24 Pell Street. 




J.cc Hay Leng 



LEE HAY LENG — was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tun- 
province, in the year 1885. When he was eight years old his fathei 
brought him to San Francisco. He w-as placed in the Chinese School of 
ihat city and later attended the public and grammar schools. At twent> 
he engaged in business for himself and conducted a store for seven years. 
He came to New^ York in 1910 and became a member of the firm of Wo 
Chong. 



Address— 34 Pell Street. 



51 



LEE KAW KWON — is twenty-four years old. He came to the United 
States in 1909, and entered the employ of his father, a partner of Wo 
Chong. At the same time he attended Public School No. 114. Upon his 
graduation he entered Stuyvesant High School, and in 1914 he was sent 
to Cooke Academy at Mountour, N. Y., where he remained for a year. 
Mr. Lee has been a contributing editor to the Mun Hey Weekly, and is 
at present enrolled as a student in the Pharmaceutical Department of 
Columbia University. 
Address— 515 West 124th Street. 




Lee Hong 

LEE HONG — was born in the district of Hock San, Kwang Tung 
province in the year 1866. He studied in the district school of his native 
district but while yet quite young he engaged in the tea business. He 
came to San Francisco at the age of eighteen, and three years later made 
his way to New York. He studied for one and a half years in Brooklyn 
Public School No. 15. In 1895 he went to China for a visit, and remained 
one year. Upon his return to New York he opened a restaurant called 
Gui Yee Quen at 36 Pell street. Mr. Lee has been manager of this 
restaurant for twenty-one years. Two years ago he made another visit 
to China, taking with him his children. There are two sons and two 
daughters, all having been born in New York, and it is Mr. Lee's desire 
that they receive their education in China. 
Address— 36 Pell Street. 

52 



LEE PAU MING — was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
province, in 1856. The earlier part of his life was spent in the schools of 
China, and upon attaining manhood, he opened a hardware store in the 
city of Hoy San. In 1884 he journeyed to San Francisco, where he 
remained for two years. A similar period was spent in Chicago, and finally 
Mr. Lee settled in New York. In the passing years he has been an as- 
sociate-merchant with various firms, but since 1900 he has been the 
manager of the Saey Jan Restaurant. 
Address— 14 Mott Street. 




Lee Shew Hung 

LEE SHEW HUNG— was born in San Francisco in 1882. At the age 
of four he was sent home to the land of his forefathers to receive 
Chinese training. He returned to the United States when he was fifteen, 
to study in the American schools. His second trip to China was made in 
1902. After returning to the United States in 1905 he abandoned fur- 
ther studies in order to take up his father's business — that of importing 
and exporting. After the fire and earthquake in San Francisco he opened 
the Bock Ngar Chy Company, a firm of printers and stationers in that 
city. Four years ago he came to New York, and was employed for a 
short time as a bookkeeper. Later he organized the Asia Noodle Com- 
pany, and became the president and general manager of the firm. Mr. 
Lee has been President of the Hock San Society and the Lin Sang 
Society. 
Address— 10 Pell Street. 

53 



LEE LING YOU — is the son of Lee Yick Yin. a retired merchant of 
Wing Wo Chong. He was born in the year hS96, in the village of Lling 
Li, in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province. He came to the 
United States in 1902. He attended Public School No. 23 for six years, 
and then spent four years at Stuyvesant High School of this city. In the 
Spring of 1915 he married Miss Ou Toy Ping, the daughter of a well- 
to-do merchant of Boston. Mr. Lee accepted his present position with 
the International Banking Corporation, in 1916. 
Address — 34 Pell Street, 




Lee To 



LEE TO — In the New York colony of Chinese there is a man speaking 
the doctrines of Jesus Christ, Sunday after Sunday, and day after day. 
He is the Reverend Lee To, who was born November 11, 1868, in the 
village of San Har, in the district of Num Huie in the province of Kwang 
Tung.v. He received his education in the schools of his native district, 
which together with the district of Sun Woi is known as "The districts 
of culture" throughout Kwang Tung province. Mr. Lee was not satis- 
fied to have his learning confined to China alone, so in 1887 he crossed the 
Pacific and landed at the Golden Gate of the New World. While in San 
Francisco he came in contact with many Christian people, became imbued 
with the doctrine of the Gosp.els and accepted Christ as his Saviour in 
1890. Returning to China Mr. Lee entered the Theological Department 
of the Baptist Academy at Canton in 1892. America, however, held so 

54 ■ 



great an attraction for- him that he made another journey across the 
ocean. He studied in the Bihle Teachers' Training School in New York 
in 1907. His first appointment was made under the auspices of the Ameri- 
can Baptist Home Mission Society, and his duties took him to various 
cities throughout the United States. He was ordained July 10, 1903 at 
the Spokane Baptist Convention. 
Address — 53 Bayard Street. 




Lee Yick Deep 

LEE YICK DEEP— was born in the year 1864, in the district of Hoy 
San, in the province of Kwang Tung. At the age of twelve he came to 
the United States. For many years he was content to live in the West, 
hut New York finally lured him East. In 1891 the enterprise of Quong 
Yuen Sing was organized under the able hand of Mr. Lee. He has 
acted in the capacity of. business manager for the lirm since its doors 
opened for trade. The Chinese School of the colony of Chinese in New 
York commenced in 1908. Its organization and supervision has been en- 
tirely dependent ui)on Mr. Lee. He assumes the onerous duties of Presi- 
dent, Secretary, and Treasurer of the School Board. Mr. Lee is also 
actively solicitous of the financial welfare of the Canton Christian College, 
and contributions to its support, through his ingenuity, have totaled more 
than $11,000. Mr. Lee is Treasurer of the New York depositary for such 
funds. The Chinese Merchants' Association elected Mr. Lee President 
for the term of 1914. The Ning Young Railroad of the Hoy San dis- 

55 



trict, Kwang Tung province, had delegated the power of New York rep- 
resentation to Mr. Lee. He is also a director of the company. 
Address— 32 Mott Street. 

LEE SUE JUNG — was born in the district of Hoy San, in the province 
of Kwang Tung, in the year 1880. In his youth he studied in the various 
schools in his native district. At the age of twenty he became a merchant 
in the city of Hong Kong, but the call of New York was rather strong 
so he made his way across the ocean in 1902. He has been an associate 
member of several concerns, and is at present connected with the firm of 
Wing Wo Chong. 

Address— 34 Pell Street. 




Lee Yun Nam 



LEE YUN NAM — arrived in San Francisco from the district of Hoy 
San, Kwang Tung province, thirty-two years ago. The following year he 
came to New York. For twenty years he was a merchant with Sai Shing 
and for the past eleven years he has acted in the capacity of treasurer for 
the Tuck High Company. Mr. Lee has two sons— one attending public 
school in this city and the other enrolled as a pupil in a school at 
Troy, N. Y. 

Address— 19 Mott Street. 

56 



LEE SY HUNG — known as Alfred Lee — was born in San Francisco, 
January 22, 1900. He attended public and grammar school and was also 
a student in the Intermediate Chinese School of that city. About eighteen 
months ago he came to New York to visit his brother and decided to fur- 
ther his education in this city. Consequently he enrolled in the Fall of 
1916 at Townsend Harris Hall, the Academic Department of City College. 
Mr. Lee atttends the Chinese School as well. He has been quite active 
as a member of the Chinese Boy Scouts, and has recently been appointed 
Assistant Scout Master. During the Second Liberty Loan Subscription, 
he directed the activities of his troop. Mr. Lee belongs to the Chinese- 
American Citizens Alliance and is keenly alert to its opportunities. 
Address— 10 Pell Street. 




Leu Hock Tong 



LEU HOCK TONG — came from the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
province, to San Francisco in the year 1883. He engaged in various oc- 
cupations and finally arrived in New York, where he combined, in 1906. 
with Sam Wo to do a tailoring business. Six years later Sam Kee offered 
Mr. Leu great inducements if he would organize and open a tailor shop 
for him. Mr. Leu accepted and is still connected with the management. 
Address— 36 Mott Street. 

57 



LEE YAN — was horn in the district of Hoy San, Kwano- Tung province 
and came to San Francisco in 1881. Six years later he crossed the conti- 
nent to New York. His present occupation as a merchant with the Tuck 
High Company, has been followed for twenty-six years. The Chinese 
Merchants' Association elected Mr. Lee President for one term. Mr. 
Lee has seven children, all of whom are in school. 

Address— 19 Mott Street. 




Leung Taat Wing 



LEUNG TAAT WING— was born in the village of Li Chung in the 
district of Hock San, Kwang Tung province, thirty-nine years ago. ^ At 
the age of eighteen he left school and came to Philadelphia. In 1907 he 
returned to China and a year later enrolled as a student in the Theo-. 
logical Department of Tung San College of Canton, where he remained 
for three years. The four years following were spent in missionary 
work — two years in Canton and two years in Kong Moon. He was made 
head of the Trust God Mission in the latter city. Air. Leung came to 
New York in 1915, and has been connected with the Trust God Mission 
of 5 Mott Street, and also with the Central Church Disciples of Christ. 
Address— 535 East 184th Street. 

58 




Lcc Soo Chun 



LEW SOO CHUN — In the village of Tung Hong, in the district of 
Hoy San. in the province of Kvvang Tnng, Lew Soo Chnn was born in 
the year 1856. Upon leaving the Classical School he studied medicine in 
the city of Kvvang Tung for five years. Returning to his home district, 
he hung up the sign indicating his profession. For many years the 
people of Hoy San — men and women, young and old, were grateful for 
his art of preventing and curing diseases internally and externally. Hear- 
ing that the Chinese residents in America were in need of Chinese physi- 
cians his sympathy prompted him to cross the Pacific in 1879. Having 
settled in San Francisco, his daily routine was healing the sick and 
curing the wounded. Hut the Chinese in the East also longed for 
Chinese, physicians to attend them, so, in 1884, Dr. Lew fulfilled their de- 
sires and journeyed to New York. During this visit, hundreds of Chi- 
nese people consulted him on medical cases. In 1902 he went to 
Hoston, and while there was recommended not only by the Chinese but 
a leading American lawyer was so impressed with his abilitv that he en- 
deavored to secure for Dr. Lew a license permitting him to practise his 
profession. Dr. Lew returned to New York in 1906. but does not practise 
liis profession for lack of the requisite license. 

Address — 11 Doyers Street. 

59 



LEE YING LUM— was born in the district of Hoy San in the province 
of Kwang Tung in the year 1892, and came to the United States when he 
was twelve years old. His parents returned to China three years later 
and took Ying with them. Four years later he returned alone and came 
to New York. He has been an associate-merchant of Tai Lung since his 
arrival. 

Address— 31 Pell Street. 




Li Bue 



LI BUE — was born in the village of Du Woi, in the district of San 
Woi, Kwang Tung province in the year 1874. He went to Kwong Moon 
and followed mercantile pursuits until 1892, when he came to New York. 
He went to Boston in 1894, under the employ of Wing Sing Lung, and 
in the mterests of the same company, later, took up his abode in Provi- 
dence, R. L In 1899 he returned to New York and organized the com- 
pany now operating the Oriental Restaurant. He is the treasurer and 
stockholder of a syndicate owning and operating numerous out-of-town 
restaurants. 

Address — 4 Pell Street. 

60 




Liang Jou Chong 



LIANG JOU CHONG— was born in the year 1862 in the village of 
Mark Hong in the district of Hoy San in the province ot Kwang Tung. 
In 1880 he came to the United States. After spending many years in 
various cities he tinally decided New York was the best place to live. In 
1899 he organized the firm of Quong Yee Wo and has been its manager 
ever since. Mr. Liang is active not only in a commercial way but de- 
votes much time to the welfare of the Chinese residents here and in 
China. He is a follower of Confucius, whose principles he studied in 
his early days in China. With Dr. Chen Huan-Chang, in 1907, he organ- 
ized the Confucius Society in New York. In this connection a Confucian 
School was formed at the same time through the persistence of Mr. 
Liang. He has also furthered the interests of the Ning Young Railroad 
Company of China among his countrymen. Mr. Liang is trusted not only 
in the commercial circle, but in the governmental as well. In 1915 the 
Public Loan Department of China empowered him to float the Public 
Loan of China among the Chinese residents in this country. The same 
year he was auditor for the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associa- 
tion. The Chinese Merchants' Association elected him President for the 
term of 1916-'17. He has represented the China Mail Steamship Com- 
pany of San Francisco since 1916. 
Address— 38 Mott Street. 

61 




Ling Sou Tru 



LING SOU TEN — is lifty-lwo years old and was horn in the district 
of San Woi, in the province of Kvvang Tung-. He received his education 
in the district school of San Woi. At eighteen he engaged in business 
in the city of San Woi. Five years later he went to Shinkapooh and ac- 
cepted a position with the Wah Sing Company. After sojourning in the 
Straits Settlement for five years he returned to China and a year later 
went to Havana, Cuba, in search of bigger business. Owing to internal 
disturbances in that country Mr. Ling departed for the United States. In 
1895 he was associated with the Quong Lin Wah Company, and a year 
later was the Yce Hing Lung Company. He made a visit to China sev- 
eral years later, where he took care of his father's business yi Hong 
Kong until 1903, when he returned to New York and assumed his for- 
mer position with Yee Hing Lung Company, which concern had moved 
to n Mott Street and changed its name to Hip Chung Wing. The com- 
pany again changed its name seven years ago to the Chip Kee Company. 
Inc., but Mr. Ling is still ^^onnected with the firm. A year ago he made 
a short visit to China. 

Address— 11 Mott Street. 



62 



LIGH SHAW HUEP— was born in the district of Hoy San. Kwang 
Tung province in the year 1865. At the age of twenty-eight he journeyed 
to Portland, Oregon, where he remained for nine years, occupied with 
various duties indigenous to commercial work. In 1902 he came to 
New York, and for twelve years he has been the manager for Walter T. 
Light. 

Address— 36 Pell Street. 




Ling Sen Yen 



LING SEN YEN — was born in the district of Hock San in tlie province 
of Kwang Tung and came to the United States in 1882. Up until five years 
ago he was a merchant with the firm of Chip Kee Company, Inc. In 1913 
he became associated with the American Chop Suey Canning. Company, 
which was organized for the purpose of canning and selling chop 
suey. Mr. Ling returned to China in 1914 and remained- for a visit of 
two years. Upon his return to New York he assumed his present posi- 
tion — a merchant with Sun Chung Yuen. 

Address — 4 Mott Street. 

63 



LO TSING YEE— was born in the province of Fukien in the year 1886. 
After graduating from China's schools he was sent to Cambridge Uni- 
versity. In 1909 he was appointed secretary to the governor of Kwangsi 
province. Upon the estabHshment of the Chinese Republic he was trans- 
ferred to the department of communications. He was secretary in the 
President's office — under Yuan Shih-kai — and a member of the office of 
the Master of Ceremonies. In 1914 he was appointed first secretary of 
the Chinese Legation in London. At present he is a student at Columbia 
University. 

Address— 412 West 148th Street. 




Ling Su Hoe 



LING SU HOE— was born in 1874 in the district of Hock San,Kwang 
Tung province. When fifteen years old he went to Hong Kong and re- 
mained there two years. In 1891 he came to New York, and two years 
later became an associate-merchant of Quong Lin Wah Company, main- 
taining this position for four years. Then followed a period of ten 
years in a similar capacity with the now Chip Kee Company, Inc. Mr. 
Ling was one of the organizers of the American Chop Suey Canning 
Company. In 1914 he actively supervised the organization of Sun Chung 
Yuen, of which firm he is a member. 
Address — 4 Mott Street. 

64 




Loo Kay Sag 

LOO KAY SOG — better known by his Americanized name of Harry C. 
Law, was born in San Francisco in the year 1878. Three years later his 
parents took him to China, where he remained for fifteen years, coming 
back to the United States in the Winter of 1896. He combined study and 
work for three years in San Francisco, and then engaged in business for 
himself. In 1911 he came to New York and organized the Excelsior 
Laundry Machinery Company, located at Hastings-on-the-Hudson. Mr. 
Law has studied dentistry for one year. 
Address — Hastings-on-the-Hudson. 



LEE YAN PHON— was born April 11, 1861, in Heang Cha, Kwang 
Tung province. He came to the United States in 1873 as one of the 
second detachment of students sent over for education by the Chinese 
government, under the auspices of the late Marquis Tseng and Li Hung 
Chang. After spending three years in the Elm Street Grammar School, 
Springfield, Mass., he entered the High School in 1876. In 1878 he 
went to the Hopkins School in New Haven, Conn., to prepare for Yale. 
Entering Yale with the class of 1884, Mr. Lee had just finished his fresh- 
man year when he and the other one hundred and nineteen students were 
ordered back to China. There he was placed in the Tientsin Naval 
Academy. Not relishing Naval Service, Mr. Lee resigned to engage in 
teaching in Hong Kong and after two years had saved enough money to 
return to America and resume his studies at Yale. During the last three 
years of his course, Mr. Lee earned his way by tutoring and lecturing on 

65 



Chinese manners and customs. At the same time he managed to stand 
well in his classes, took prizes in declamation and English composition 
and was one of the Junior Exhibition speakers. He was made a member 
of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, being the first Chinese to enjoy that 
distinction. He was one of the commencement speakers and his oration 
on "The Other Side of the Chinese Question," elicited nation-wide and 
favorable comment. Since his graduation, Mr. Lee has been active in 
various lines. He has worked in a bank in San Francisco, lectured through 
the South and West, written for magazines and newspapers, studied 
medicine in Nashville, Tenn., and had charge of the Chinese exhibits at 
the Tennessee Centennial and the Philadelphia Exposition and ran a 
farm in Delaware. At present he is engaged in the poultry business and 
devotes his spare hours to literary work. 
Address— 229 Park Row. 




Lou Bow Lcm 



LOU BOW LEM — was born in the district of Hoy San, in the province 
of Kwang Tung in the year 1874. Mr. Lou engaged in commercial pur- 
suits while yet a boy. He sought to enlarge his endeavors by coming to 
San Francisco at the age of twenty-three. For many years he success- 
fully conducted a shop in that city, and but recently came to New York 
and accepted a position with the Sam Kee Companv. 
Address— 36 Mott Street. 

66 




Mak Tsaiig 14' an 

MAK TSANG WAN— was born in the year 1875 in the district of Hoy 
San, in the province of Kwang Tung. Upon finishing the elementary 
studies in his native district he went to Canton to study the Classics. In 
1897 he became a merchant in Hong Kong and continued as such until 
1914 when he came to New York. Wing Wo Chong offered Mr. Mak 
the position of business manager which he accepted. 
Address— 34 Pell Street. 

MOK PAAK SAN — was born in the district of Tung Goon, Kwang 
Tung province. After being graduated from Canton Christian College 
he sought to further his education abroad. He came to New York in 
1912. and became a teacher in the Chinese School. This fall he enrolled 
in New York University as a student in banking. 
Address — 3120 Broadway. 

LI KUO CHING — was born in Changsha in the province of Hunan, 
twenty-six years ago. He is the third son of Li Quan Tang, well known 
for his strenuous efforts to raise the educational system of China. Upon 
being graduated from the Technical College of Changsha, Mr. Li went 
to London, where he entered the Royal School of Mines at South Kens- 
ington, and was graduated with the title of Mining Engineer in 1915. In 
1909, prior to his leaving for London, he was appointed secretary of the 
Hunan Government Mining Board, and the following year received a 
further appointment, manager of Kiang Wah Government Tin Mines. 

67 



Upon distinguishing himself in these appointments, he obtained the Gen- 
eral Mangership of the Sni Kou Shan Lead and Zinc Government Mines, 
and for sometime occupied the President's chair of this concern. During 
the period of his management of the Sui Kou Lead and Zinc Government 
Mines, Mr. Li undertook to build a railway and two ore dressing plants 
which were completed in a highly successful and commendable manner. 
At the beginning of 1916 Mr. Li returned to Changsha after a visit to 
New York. His return voyage to the United States found him appointed 
Vice-President and New York Manager of the Wah Chang Mining and 
Smelting Company, Ltd., with the head office in Changsha, China. Mr. 
Li is a shareholder in this company and a partner in the Yuhau Tungsten 
Mining Company, a subsidiary of the Wah Chang Mining and Smelting 
Company, Ltd. He is also interested in the Shui Chen Tin Mining Com- 
pany, located in Hunan and Kwangse, China. Mr. Li is a registered stock- 
holder in the China Mail Steamship Company of San Francisco. During 
the Second Liberty Loan drive Mr. Li subscribed for $100,000 worth of 
Liberty Bonds. 
Address — Woolworth Building. 




Moy Ging Chang 



MOY GING CHANG— comes from the district of Hoy San in the 
province of Kwang Tung. He received his education in China and taught 
for many years in the elementary schools there. Being graduated from 
a medical school, Mr. Moy practised medicine until he came to the United 
States in 1909. He was engaged by the Chinese School of Boston as a 
teacher and maintained this position from 1909 until 1913. The Chinese 
Consolidated Benevolent Association of that city elected him President 

68 



for two successive terms. He visited China in 1914 and upon his return 
to New York became an associate-merchant of Kwong Tai Chong. 
Address— 30 Pell Street. 

LUM SOY — was born in the district of Hock San, in the province of 
Kwang Tung. He was sent, at the age of twenty, to study in Canton. 
Later he became a partner in a tobacco business. When thirty years 
old he went to the district of Sun Fock and opened a tea and tobacco 
store. He arrived in Philadelphia six years later and established him- 
self in business with the Wing On Tai Company, and then with Kwong 
Sung Wing Company of the same city. In 1907 he came to New York. 
For three years he has been associated with the Wing Fat Company, 
venders of groceries. 
Address— 37 Mott Street. 




Moe Ho Nie 



MOY HO NIE — was born in the district of Hoy San, in the province of 
Kwang Tung, twenty-five years ago. He arrived in the United States 
in 1911, and remained in Seattle for one year. He then came to New 
York and became affiliated with the Ching Chong Company, a jewelry 
concern. Mr. Moy is at present one of the firm. 
Address — 37 Mott Street. 

69 



LY HOI SANG — was horn in the district of Nam Huie, Kwang Tung 
province in the year 1870. At the age of twelve he came to the United 
States and attended the public school in San Francisco. While thus pur- 
suing his studies he secured employment as a helper in the store of the 
King Lee Company. Through his energy and perseverance Mr. Ly made 
a success of his undertakings. Five years ago he came to New York and 
formed the Long Sang Tai Company, the operation of which he actively 
supervises. 

Address — 323 Fifth Avenue. 




May Kivon Kie 



MOY KWON KIE— is a son of Moy S. Tighe, and was born in the 
year 1891 in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province. He came 
to the United States in 1907 and studied for several years in the public 
schools of this city. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank has capitalized 
Mr. Moy's services for several years. He -is married and has three 
children. 

Address— 36 Wall Street. 

70 



MA SOO — was born of Cantonese parents in Shanghai in the year 1882. 
After teaching school for many years in Canton he returned to Shanghai 
where he was appointed professor of history in the Nan Yang College. 
When the Revolution broke out in 1910 he took an active part in the 
capture of the Shanghai Arsenal; for which he was decorated by the 
Chinese Government. Upon the establishment of the Republic, Mr. Ma 
was made private secretary to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the first President of 
China. While serving in this capacity he also served as Commissioner 
to Hangshow to investigate the opium question. After the resignation of 
Dr. Sun from the Presidency, Mr. Ma withdrew from Shanghai, where 
he had started the "China Republican," an organ of the National Party. 
This paper is remembered chiefly for its crusade against the opium traf- 
fic in China. In 1913 the "China Republican" was suppressed by order 
of Yuan Shi-kai, and Mr. Ma was forced to flee the country. After 
spending some time in Europe he came to the United States to look after 
the interests of the Chinese art firm of Ton-ying & Co., in New York. 
Mr. Ma is also the President of the Chinese Nationalist League in the 
Eastern Section of the United States. 
Address — 615 Fifth Avenue. 




May S. Tiglic 

MOV S. TIGHE— Before coming to the United States in 1879, M,-. Moy 
was a teacher in a school for boys in Canton. For more than twenty 
years he has been a merchant with Sun Kwong On. He was chairman of 

71 



the Chinese Hospital Committee which lasted for a very short time and 
disbanded owing to the lack of patients. He is the business manager of 
the Chinese Cemetery Association which looks after the affairs of the 
Chinese sections in Evergreen and Cypress Hills cemeteries, Mr. Moy 
is also treasurer of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association — 
treasurer of the Ning Young Society — Secretary to the Moy Society. 
Mr. Moy has one son and one daughter. 

Address— 28 Mott Street. 




A'^^ Chang 



NG CHANG — was born in San Francisco in the year 1879. For ten 
years he kept a grocery store in San Francisco and came to New York 
at the age of twenty-eight. He was associated with the Wah On Com- 
pany for four years. For the past six years, Mr. Ng has been affiliated 
with Hee Jan. 

Address— 39 Mott ^treet. 

72 



woo H. K.— was born in the district of Huie Ping, in the province of 
Kwang Tung He came to the United States in 1883 and spent manv 
years in the dry goods business in Massachusetts. Twenty-two vears ac:o 
he came to New York and for the past seventeen he has been associated 
with Wing Sing. 

Address — 3 Dovers Street. 




Quan Yat 



QUAN YAT—was born in the district of Huie Ping, in the province of 

in thP^rJH "J' rl^^r^^xS^^ ^^^'\ ^^?- ^^' "^^"y y^^^s he was a merchant 

In ted sLf. ^ t •"^"o^i" ^tf ^''^"'* °^ ^"^^ ^^"g- ^e came to -the 

th^n .. . m'^^x" V^^^V^ "^ 'P^"t f«"^ ye^^s '" San Francisco and 

for Sam Wo '^''^^'" ^'^'■' ^^ ^^' ^"^" ^^^" "^^"^^^^ 

Address— 12 Pell Street. 

7Z 



MOY GUM — was born in San Francisco, in the year 1885, and received 
two years schooling in that city. His parents brought him to New York 
at the age of eight. Three years ago he entered Packard Commercial 
School in order to add to his efficiency in commercial pursuits. For 
nine years he was associated with Long Sang Tai Company, but left this 
year in order to accept the position of secretary and manager of the 
Kwong Yuen Company. Mr. Moy is actively connected with Church 
work in the East Side Parish of the Methodist Episcopal Church of all 
Nations. 
Address — 287 Fifth Avenue. 




Ng Chew 



NG CHEW — was born in the district of Hoy San, in the province of 
Kwang Tung, in the year 1866. A liberal education was given him in 
his native district. For six years he managed a store in the city of 
Chung Lau in the district of Hoy San. In 1894 he came to the United 
States and went to Portland, Oregon, where he conducted a store. Fifteen 
years ago Mr. Ng became assistant manager for Wing On Wah and at 
present is the manager of the same concern. Mr. Ng has two sons — 
both were born in China. The older is attending school in Rochester, N. Y. 

Address— 13 Mott Street. 

74 




A'^ Chiu Gun 



NG CHIU GUN — is known to the Chinese as a scholar-doctor. The 
famous village of Don Tung in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
pjrovince, was his birthplace. He was born in the year 1874, and attended 
school until he was twenty-five years old. After teaching for five years 
he desired to do a work which would be helpful to more people and en- 
rolled as a medical student for four years. Upon graduation he set up 
practise in the city of Canton. In 1912 he was court secretary to the 
Supreme Court of Canton. Longing to see the world on the other side 
of the globe, he departed the East and journeyed to the West. While 
in San Francisco he was engaged as an editor by the Chung Sai Yat Po, 
a Chinese daily paper. During his editorial career his writings were 
highly appreciated by every reader of the paper. He came to New York 
in 1916 and assumed his present position with Wing On Wah. 

Address— 13 Mott Street. 



75 



in"1,V lwa"nf -[!:'n°-"'^the''°;e"a;"/^'"^{^f °\ N?- ""-• - the prov- 
rived in New York. Two yea^s were SDem^n'Vp^'>"= ^'^"^ "'<*• ^e ar- 
three years were devoted to a coi^r^p in .l J? Preparatory School and 

Mr. Quan has been treasur:r'°fo"'^four /ea^s^of^?!;^ »''''J^'' School. 
Company. '""'^ y^^^^ or the He Chong Yum 

Address— 18 West 30th Street. 




^g Fong 



m'j8f6'' H^ll^rto^^ew ^-" born in San Francisco 

most part in the public and l^gf^^s Lois of thi^cTtv' Fo^' '^"'f °" l""' ^^^ 
he was engaged in mercantile pursuits but his nr^'.P^f ^ "T-^^" ?^ >'^^^^ 
preter for the Chinese people in the courts ^ occupation ,s inter- 



Address-J3 Mott Street. 



76 



WONG YUEN SHI — was born in the district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung 
province, in the year 1883. He was very studious, and an extremely apt 
pupil. As a result, he was graduated from China's schools at an early 
age and then re-entered them as a teacher. In 1908 he crossed the Pacific 
and took up his abode in San Francisco. An organization of the city 
called "Young China," unanimously elected Mr. Wong President, and he 
also became editor of its publication. He went to China in 1911 on a 
visit and became secretary to the provisional president, Dr. Sun Yat-sen. 
A year later he was sent by the Government as a Special Commissioner 
to Kwang Tung in an endeavor to promote a healthier feeling toward the 
existing government. Mr. Wong came back to the United States in 1913 
and entered George Washington University at Washington, D. C. He 
was graduated in June, 1917, and is at present enrolled as a student of 
Political Economy at Columbia University. Mr. Wong is editor of the 
Mun Hey Weekly. 
Address— 16 Pell Street. 




Ng Lan Shu 



NG LAN SHU — was born in the district of Hoy San in the province of 
Kwang Tung. His education was received in China and in 1906 he came 
to New York. Upon his arrival he was employed by the Wing On Wah 
Company and at present is a member of the firm. 
Address— 13 Mott Street. 

77 




Tom Hing Miny 

TOM HING MING — was born in the district of Hoy San in the prov- 
ince of Kwang Tung in the year 1868. At the age of sixteen he came to 
San Francisco and secured employment as a general assistant in a store. 
When twenty-two he came to New York and entered the firm of Ye Hing. 
In 1914, with several other Chinese merchants he organized the firm and 
opened the store of Quong Mee Yuen. Mr. Tom is a stockholder in a 
syndicate owning and operating numerous out-of-town restaurants. He 
is also a member of a firm conducting a poultry business on Chrystie 
Street. 
Address— 16 Mott Street. 



YANG YU YING — was born in the year 1886 in Anhui and received his 
education in Pai Yang University. He came to the United States as sec- 
retary to Special Envoy Tang Shao Yi in July, 1908. The following year 
Mr. Yang accepted the post of Consul, stationed at New York. During 
the Chinese Revolution he was a member of the Peace Conference ap- 
pointed by Yuan Shi-kai to bring about amicable relations between North 
and South China. It was at the suggestion of Mr. Yang that Tang 
Shao Yi — Yuan Shih-kai's special delegate — ^asked the Chinese representa- 
tives to the different governments, then abroad, to cable the Chiang 
dynasty on behalf of the establishment of a Republican form of govern- 
ment for China. During the disturbance, commonly called Tong War 

78 



in the New York Colony of Chinese, Mr. \ctiig undertook to bring order 
out of chaos and force peace between the quarrelsome factions — the Four 
Brothers Society and the On Leong Tong. The matter had been fought 
out in the courts with but little accomplishment of good. Mr. Yang in- 
vited the factions to send representatives in an endeavor to adjust the 
difificulties. For several months the matter was mooted and only througli 
strenuous labor and pugnacity on the part of Mr. Yang were the malcon- 
tents finally made to realize the importance of subjecting their antagonism 
toward one another and the imperativeness of abiding by American 
rulings and regulations. For the exemplary work done by Mr. Yang at 
this time, he is held in great esteem by the Chinese merchants of Greater 
New York. For services rendered the Chinese government at various 
times, Mr. Yang has twice been decorated. His father, Yang Shih Chi 
was a member of the Cabinet of Y'uan Shih-kai and has officially served 
in the province of Yunnan. 
Address — Chinese Consulate, New Y^ork. 




lom Koy Man 

TOM KOY MAN — was born in the district of Huie Ping, Kwang Tung- 
province, in the year 1870. After leaving school he went to the city of 
Dick Hoy in the district of Hoy San and opened a department store, 
which he operated until 1903. That year he came to New York and 
became an associate merchant of Quong Yuen Sing. He made a visit to 
China in 1908 and remained two years. Mr. Tom resumed his former 
position upon his return to New York in 1910. 
Address— 32 Mott Street. 

79 ' -^-^ 




Tom Mon Kip 



TOM MON KIP — was born in the district of Ho}^ San, Kwang Tung 
province, fifty-five years ago. When twenty years old he left the home of 
his forefathers and came to New York to make his fortune. He op- 
erated a grocery store for many years, but is now the New York rep- 
resentative of an importing and exporting firm having headquarters in 
Shanghai. 

Address— 201 West 105th Street. 



80 




Tom Yuen Fay 

TOM YUEN FAY — is the son of Tom Mon Kip and was born in the 
district of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province, in the year 1891. At the 
age of six he was brought to New York. He attended the grammar 
school and was graduated from Erasmus Hall in 1911. Entering Colum- 
bia University the autumn of the same year, he was graduated in 1915. 
Banking and finance held supreme sway in Mr. Tom's mind and he 
entered New York University as a special student in those subjects. 
Practical experience was afforded him by association with Redmond & 
Company and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China. Mr. 
Tom is the New York manager of the Chinese Trading Company. 

Address— 201 West 105th Street. 



81 




Wong Guey 



\yONG GUEY — was born in the district of Hoy San in the province of 
Kwang Tung. He left his birthplace in 1881 in order to go to San 
Francisco. After five years residence in that city, he came to New York 
and entered commercial activities. In 1909 he returned to China for a 
brief visit and upon his return to New York became an associate-merchant 
with Wing On Wah. 

Address— 13 Mott Street. 



82 




Wong I. Gong 



WONG I. GONG — was born in the village of Chee Woo, in the district 
of Hoy San, Kwang Tung province, on April 6, 1859. He entered the 
business circle very early in life, going to Hong Kong at the age of 
fourteen to enter the quilt factory owned and operated by his father. 
This did not satisfy him, but the name of "Golden Mountain," a name 
which the Chinese had applied to America because of the gold mines of 
California, attracted him. As all the Chinese from Kwang Tung province 
pass through Hong Kong on their way to America, some intimate friends 
of his parents took him along as they passed through. There were many 
things to be learned and Gong was quick to learn. In 1876, at the age of 
seventeen, he became foreman of laborers employed on the construction 
of the Western railroads and a short time later became a contractor of 
labor. Many of the Chinese in California migrated east at that time and 
in 1879, Mr. Wong followed the crowd, landing in New York. For six 
years he acted as an expressman for the public of New York City and 
then went to Massachusetts where he opened a tea store. He remained 
there for two years and returned to take a position with a laundry supply 
concern. Following two years of such employment, he opened a laundry 
.-^upply concern for himself. This he has successfully operated for almost 
thirty years. 
Address — 9 Doyers Street. 



83 




Yee Wing Yan 



YEE WING YAN— The village of Tai Ling, in the district of Hoy San, 
Kwang Tung province, was the birthplace of Mr. Yee in the year 1861. 
At the age of tv^enty-one he entered the school of Yee Chin Hon at Hoy 
San and remained until his twenty-fourth year. The following three 
years were spent in study under the tutelage of Yee Wai Har in the 
same district. Then followed a year under the guidance of Tom Yok 
Quon in the city of Sun Woi. For five years he studied with Loi Bot 
Wou in Kwang Chou. Loi Bot Wou — ^a celebrated teacher of the Chinese 
Classics — was the best and most famous teacher of his time in the 
province of Kwang Tung. At the age of thirty-three, Mr. Yee passed 
the State Examinations of Kwang Tung province and received the degree 
of A. B. He passed with such high standing that he was honored with 
five additional degrees, thereby becoming a candidate for appointment as 
a district teacher. San Francisco claimed him as a resident in 1904. 
He became President of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 
of that city and also President of the Hop Wo Society, an association 
formed of members coming from three districts in Kwang Tung prov- 
ince — Hoy San, Hoy Ping and Yun Ping. Mr. Yee returned to China 
in 1905 and founded the College of Chung Ying Hock Hou in the city 
of Dig Huie, in the district of Hoy San, with funds he had collected 
in the United States for that purpose. For three years he was President 
of the College. During 1912-3 he was a representative in the District 
Assembly of Hoy San as well as a member of the Advisory Council of 

84 



the same district. In 1915 he came to New York. He served the 1916 
term as President of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 
and at the same time was President of the Confucionist Society. 
Address— 16 Mott Street. 




Young Ching Chong 



YOUNG CHING CHONG— was born in the village of Tai Ou, in the 

district of Hock San, Kwang Tung province, in the year 1859. At the 
age of eighteen he left school and went to Fort San, a large city in the 
neighborhood of Canton. He engaged in commercial pursuits and re- 
mained there until 1887. The same year he came to New York and for 
the past three years has been connected with Sun Chung Yuen. 
Address— 4 Mott Street. 



YOUNG LOOK — was born in the district of Hock San, Kwang Tung 
province, and came to New York via San Francisco in 1881. For about 
ten years he was connected with the Quong Chang Chung Company, now 
dissolved. In 1894 he visited China and returned the following year to 
open a store at 19^ Mott Street. He assumed a position in the Foreign 
Department of the Chino-Russo Banking Company in 1905, where he re- 
mained for five years, leaving to accept a similar one with Redmond & 
Company. He was married in 1895 and has one son who is also married. 
The son is an American citizen — at present a Sergeant at Yaphank. 
Address — 33 Pine Street. 

85 



Activities of the Chinese in New York 



BAKERS 

Canton Rice Cake Company, 

11 Doyers Street. 
Hee Jan, 

39 Mott Street. 
Hone Kee, 

12 Chatham Square. 

CARPENTERS 

Lee Hork, 

11 Doyers Street. 
Lee Loy, 

17 Mott Street. 
Lee Young, 
49 Mott Street. 

CIGAR MAKERS 

Chung Bing, 

22 Mott Street. 
Fong Yuen, 

Cor. Mott and Park Streets. 
Kay Fong Company, 

7 Pell Street 
Li Moon, 

2 Howard Street. 
Mow Lan & Company. 

8 Pell Street. 
Pong Fong, 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

COURT INTERPRETERS 

Chin Can, 

Union Street, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Chung J. K., 
215 Montague Street, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Chung Sam Lok, 

12 Pell Street. 
Fook Louie. 

14 Mott Street 
Lee Y. P., 

229 Park Row. 
Quen Yick Nam, 

12 Pell Street. 
Singleton, J. M. 

292 Village Avenue, 
Rockville Centre, L. I. 
Yee Gai Ming, 

42 Mott Street. 



DOCTORS 

Bong Joe Burt, 
17 Doyers Street. 

Jung Lai Sang, 
2Z Pell Street. 

Lau Shu Chun, 
11 Doyers Street. 

Lee J. Ping, 

31 Mott Street. 
Ling San Ten, 

34 Mott Street. 
Moy Ging Chang, 

30 Pell Street. 
Ng Chew Goon, 

13 Mott Street. 
Than J., 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Wong You Sang, 

17 Doyers Street. 

DRUG STORES 

Kwong Kee Chong, 

48 Mott Street. 
Kwong Tai Chong, 

30 Pell Street. 
Mun Yick Lung, 

28 Pell Street 
Quong Mee Yuen, 

16 Pell Street. 
Quong Wo Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Quong Yee Wo, 

38 Mott Street. 
Quong Yuen Sing, 

32 Mott Street. 
Sun Kwong On, 

28 Mott Street. 
Tsue Chong Wo, 

191/ Mott Street. 
Tuck High Company 

19 Mott Street. 
Wing On Wah, 

13 Mott Street. 
Wing Wo Chong, 

34 Pell Street. 
Yee Sang Lung, 

24 Pell Street. 
Ying Chong, 

34 Mott Street. 
Hang Lum Chun, 

4 Dovers Street. 



86 



EDITORS 

Hamlet Harry. 

176 Park Row. 
Jung Monfoon, 

108 Park Row. 
King Y. S., 

176 Park Row. 
Tom Mon Chom, 

108 Park Row. 
Wong Y. S., 

16 Pearl Street. 

ELECTRICIANS 

Gin Bing, 

49 Mott Street. 
Liim Duck Lem, 

44 Mott Street. 

FRUIT STANDS 

Chin Sang, 

Pell & Mott Streets. 
Hop Wo Lung, 

Pell & Doyers Streets. 
Sang Yick, 

18 Mott Street. 
Wing Q. C. 

11 Doyers Street. 
Ying Yee, 

14 Doyers Street. 

GROCERY STORES 

Lim Kee, 

9 Doyers Street. 
Mon Hing, 

Siy. Pell Street. 
Mun Yick Lung, 

28 Pell Street. 
Quong Fook Yuen, 

28 Pell Street. 
Quong Mee Yuen, 

16 Pell Street. 
Quong On Sing, 

15 Mott Street. 
Quong Tai, 

3 Doyers Street. 
Quong Tuck Wing, 

59 Mott Street. 
Quong Wo Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Quong Yee Wo, 

38 Mott Street. 
Quong Yuen Sing, 

32 Mott Street. 
Shing Q. W., 

8 Doyers Street. 



Suey Hing, 

12 Pell Street. 
Sun Chung Yuen, 

4 Mott Street. 
Sun Kwong Chong, 

30 Mott Street. 
Sun Kwong On, 

38 Mott Street. 
Sun Lee Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Sun Yuen Hing, 

35 Pell Street. 
Tai Jan Company, 

45 Mott Street. 
Tsee Chong Wo, 

19 Mott Street. 
Tuck High Company, 

19 Mott Street. 
Wah Sun, 

14 Pell Street. 
Wing Fat Company, 

37 Mott Street. 
Wing On Wah Company, 

13 Mott Street. 
Wing Wo Chong, 

34 Pell Street. 
Wo On Company, 

9 Doyers Street. 
Ye Hing, 

20 Pell Street. 
Yee Sang Lung, 

24 Pell Street. 
Ying Chong, 
34 Mott Street. 

JEWELRY STORES 

Bow Fung, 

31 Pell Street. 
Ching Chong Company, 

37 Mott Street. 
Sai Shing Company, 

22 Pell Street. 

LAUNDRY SUPPLIES 

Chin J. Hay, 

4 James Street. 
Law Harry C, 

Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. 
Pond Y. T., 

5 James Street. 
Quong King Lung, 

44 Mott Street. 
Quong On Lung, 

49 Mott Street. 
Wong I. Gong, 

9 Doyers Street. 



87 



MACHINE SHOPS 

Hill R T., 

16 Pell Street. 
Hop Wo, 

9 Pell Street. 
Quong King Lung, 

44.Mott Street. 
Wong I. Gong, 

9 Doyers Street. 
Quong On Lung, 

49 Mott Street. 
Wong L. T., 
16 Pell Street. 

MEAT STORES 

Chung Lung Companv. 

33 Pell Street. 
Lin Kee, 

Doyers Street. 
Mon Hing, 

31^ Pell Street. 
Quong On Sing, 

15 Mott Street. 
Quong Wo Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Quong Yee Wo, 

38 Mott Street. 
Sun Lee Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Sun Yuen Hing, 

35 Pell Street. 
Tai Lung, 

31 Pell Street. 
Wing Fat Company, 

Zl Mott Street. 
Ying Chong, 

34 Mott Street. 

NOODLE MAKERS 

Asia Noodle Company, 

10 Pell Street. 
Hone Kee, 

12 Chatham Square. 
Long Life Noodle Compan}^ 

10 Bowery. 
Yat Gaw Min Company, 

192 Park Row. 

NOVELTY STORES 

Fong Lee, 

10 Doyers Street. 
Kwong Sun Chong, 

30 Mott Street. 



Kwong Yick Yuen, 

10 Pell Street. 
Lee Eng, 

42 Mott Street. 
Sam WcT, 

12 Pell Street. 
Soy Kee Company, 

7 Mott Street. 
Tai Lung, 

31 Pell Street. 
Wing On Wah Companv, 

13 Mott Street. 
Tom Toy G., 

2 Mott Street. 
Wing Tong Fook, 

5 Mott Street. 
Wing Wo Chong. 

34 Pell Street. 

POULTRY STORES 

Lee Sang, 

229 Park Row. 
Wing Sang, 

9 Chrystie Street. 

RESTAURANTS 
Manhattan 

Chas. S. Low, 

514 Sixth Avenue. 
Beem Nom Low, 

480 Sixth Avenue. 
Beem Nom Low, 

472 Sixth Avenue. 
Tom King, 

139 E. 23rd Street. 
Jay Yen Kow, 

162 E. 22nd Street. 
Mee Wah, 

134 Third Avenue. 
Duey Gaon Ying, 

152 E. 29th Street. 
Bun Hurn, 

274 W. 34th Street. 
Han Kow, 

124 W. 34th Street. 
Leo Fong, 

525 Sixth Avenue. 
Suey Pan, 

459 Sixth Avenue. 
Modern Chop Suey, 

203 W. 23rd Street. 
Quong Suig, 

242 Eighth Avenue. 
Chong Lee, 

405 Eighth Avenue. 



88 



Chas. Loeung, 

957 Third Avenue. 
Over Cono Bros., 

203 E. 54th Street. 
Chas. Lue Juin, 

677 Third Avenue. 
Chas. Wong, 

242 E. 59th Street. 
Charleys, 

514 Third Avenue. 
Nui Chau, 

610 Eighth Avenue. 
Chin-Gett, 

107 W. 42nd Street. 
Tong L., 

1485 Broadway. 
Lee Wah J. 

765 Sixth Avenue. 
Yet Wah Low, 

103 W. 44th Street. 
Hurn Bun, 

484 Eighth Avenue. 
Say Wah Lou, 

490 Eighth Avenue. 
Far East Tea Garden, 

10 Columbus Circle. 
Chin Kee, 

216 W. 42nd Street. 
Wah-Jin, 

259 W. 42nd Street. 
Quong-Luing Lou, 

520 Ninth Avenue, 
Youn Tong Lou 

549 Eighth Avenue. 
Ing Leu, 

674 Eighth Avenue. 
Tom Low, 

734 Eighth Avenue. 
Rising Sun, 

783 Eighth Avenue. 
Far East Garden, 

1628-30 Broadway. 
Lee Tuck, 

1565 Broad wa}^ 
Oriental Restaurant Co., 

1560 Broadway. 
Pekin Restaurant Co.. 

708 Seventh Avenue. 
Tokio Restaurant Co., 

141-43 W. 45th Street. 
Frank Tom, 

198 E. 76th Street. 
Sun Haung, 

999 Third Avenue. 



Sin Long Lou, 

201 E. 59th Street. 
Charley Wong, 

242 E. 59th Street. 
C. Nam, 

1841 Broadway. 
Quong Gin Low, 

1931 Broadway. 
Huig Joy Co., 

2182 Broadway. 
Hip & Joi, 

2328 Broadway. 
Haug & Wang, 

463 Columbus Avenue. 
Chinese Delmonicas, 

24 Pell Street. 
Pekin, 

26 Pell Street. 
Oriental, 

4 Pell Street. 
We Ye Keau, 

36 Pell Street. 
Suey Tong, 

16 Watt Street. 
Suey San Low, 

14 Watt Street. 
Wung Hong Low, 

16 Watt Street. 
Billv Goon, 

10 Watt Street. 

Port Arthur, -r-f^ 

7 Watt Street. C^^oTTj 
Tuxedo, 

2 Doyer Street. 
Wing Suig, 

3 Doyer Street. 

Brooklyn 

Cheu Loon, 

592 Atlantic Avenue. 
King Joy Low, 

598 Atlantic Avenue. 
Oriental Co., 

324 Ninth St. 

RESTAURANT SUPPLIES 

Chung Lung- Company, 

33 Pell Street. 
Hip Chung Wing, 

11 Mott Street. 
Mon Hing, 

31 Pell Street. 
Quong Tuck Wing, 

59 Mott Street. 
Tai Jan Company, 

45 Mott Street. 



89 



TAILORS 

Chang Kee. 

22 Mott Street. 
Hing Lee, 

9 Pell Street. 
Lee Yuet, 

41 Mott Street. 
Sam Kee, 

36 Mott Street. 
Sam Wo, 

12 Pell Street. 
Wah Jung Company 

20 Mott Street. 

TYPESETTERS 

Chin Hin Leong, 

176 Park Row. 
Lew Soy Nin, 

108 Park Row. 
Chung Tem, 

176 Park Row. 
Harry Lem, 

176 Park Row. 
So Man, 

16 Pearl Street. 



Tom Silk Tin, 

108 Park Row. 
Wang Dick, 

16 Pearl Street. 

WAGON PEDDLERS 

Hang Lum Chun, 

4 Doyers Street. 
Chip Kee Co., Inc., 

11 Mott Street. 
Quong Mee Yuen, 

16 Pell Street. 
Quong Wo Chong, 

25 Pell Street. 
Sun Chung Yuen, 

4 Mott Street. 
Sun Kwong On, 

28 Mott Street. 
Sun Quong Lung, 

23 Pell Street. 
Tsue Chong Wo, 

I9y2 Mott Street. 
Tuck High Compan\ . 

19 Mott Street. 
Ying Chong, 

34 Mott Street. 



90 



Chinese Societies in New York 

There is no doubt but that the Chinese are a people with a deep regard 
for the" ties of kinship as well as good-fellowship. This is most em- 
phatically spoken through the numerous societies and organizations existent 
among them. Generally speaking, the fundamental purpose common to all 
Chinese social and welfare societies is one and the same — to serve and 
assist one another in each and every way possible. This is expressed 
financially and morally as well as spiritually. Membership is sometimes 
regulated as to creed, family name, or territory. Petty disputes or dis- 
agreements arising among various members are adjusted by the President 
of the local societies. However, should they reach such dimensions as to 
be incapable of arbitration by the executive of the smaller organization 
they are presented before the tribunal of the Chinese Consolidated Benevo- 
lent Association, which is the last word in authority. Before the commands 
of this Association the Chinese bow, for its decrees are just and wise. The 
dues attached to the various societies are extremely nominal, designed to 
meet the finances of all. 

Clan or family societies are quite prevalent among the Chinese. Their 
membership is made up of those having a common family name. The 
most prominent ones in New York are Chin, Moy, Ng. Lee, and Wong, 
and of course, the Four Brothers. The purpose of these societies is to 
protect the interest of one another, relieving suffering in times of distress, 
by providing material resources when necessary. They have one ceremony 
which is strictly observed. Each society celebrates the birthday of its first 
ancestor. The day is spent with great rejoicing, music, and feasting. 

Address : 

CHIN SOCIETY— 10 Pell Street. 
LEE SOCIETY— 18 Mott Street. 
MOY SOCIETY— 4 Doyers Street. 
NG SOCIETY— 5 Mott Street. 
WONG SOCIETY— 8 Mott Street. 

The fraternal societies most commonly known to Americans are the 
Hip Sing Tong, Kim Len Kung Sor, and the On Leong Tong. 

The literal meaning of Hip Sing Tong is "Combine for Success Society." 
In the selection of this name the Chinese recognize the value of concen- 
trated effort in the production of efficiency. Hip Sing Tong has a welfare 
and social purpose for the benefit of its two hundred members. 

Kim Len Kung Sor, translated literally, is "Gold, epidendrum, friend- 
ship, public hall" — figuratively, "Two with the same heart and sympathies 
possess a combined force that is equal to gold and the good infiuence 
arising from such friendship is like the odor of the epidendrum, an ex- 
tremely fragrant flower." The moral purpose of this organization is "to 
urge good and admonish wrong." In New York the society has about 
two hundred members. 

The literal meaning of On Leong Tong is "Protective of Good People 
Society," and these words adequately express the purpose of the organiza- 
tion. Its chief aim is to protect the good who are weak from the exploita- 
tion of the unscrupulous. The societ}^ has approximately four hundred 
members in this city. 

91 



Another fraternal society, coming also under the heading of family 
societies, and one quite popularly known, is the Four Brothers Society. 
This society has been in existence since the days of the Hun dynasty. 

In the year 186 B. C, China was sorely oppressed by the Hun emperor. 
Three men — Lau Yuan Duck, Kwan Wen Chong, and Chang Fay met by 
mere accident one day. They were very much surprised to discover upon 
discourse that they were united by a common bond — a shared experience 
provocative of the desire to overthrow the ruling Hun tyrant and remove 
the yoke of oppression from the shoulders of their countrymen. Each 
had secretly cherished the plan of recruiting men from his native district 
and leading them against the oppressor. Upon learning of their kindred 
feeling ^ey decided to combine their efforts in this respect. The work 
they were about to undertake was a serious one — so serious that they 
thought it wise to seal the compact by an oath of friendship that would 
make them sworn brothers to a common cause. For that purpose they 
met the following day in a beautiful garden in the rear of the home of 
Chang Fay and took this oath : 

• "We, Lau, Kwan, and Chang, although we are not of the same name, 
we have sworn to be brothers, and will be one in strength and one in 
heart to save the weak and relieve the danger ; to render beneficial services 
to the country and bring peace to the people. W^e have not been born on 
the same day, nor in the same month, nor yet in the same year, but we 
desire to die on the same day of the same month and the same year. 
Heaven and earth will see and understand the motive of our heart. If 
righteousness is violated and gratitude forgotten, we will be killed by 
heaven and the people together." 

About thirty years later, during one of the petty uprisings with which 
the country was surcharged, one of Lau's worthy generals and a dear 
friend — Chu Tze Lung — saved the life of Lau's only son. As a reward 
for the bravery of his act and as a distinction of his loyalty to the cause, 
Lau, Kwan, and Chang made him one of their sworn alliance — thus it 
became four brothers instead of three. The sons of the four men for 
generations have recognized each other as brothers and form the society 
as we know it. In New York they meet socially once a month and their 
President is J. M. Singleton— CHU MON SING. 

Address : 
HIP SING TONG— 13 Pell Street. 
KIM LEN KUNG SOR— 18 Pell Street. 
ON LEONG TONG— 14 Mott Street. 
FOUR BROTHERS SOCIETY— 20 Pell Street. 

Territorial societies are composed of members hailing from the same 
districts in China. The principal ones in New York are Hock San, Lin 
Sing, and Ning Young. They meet regularly, discuss affairs of their 
native districts and look after the well-being of each other. Hock San 
seems to have the largest representation in this city. The President of 
this society is Lew Shew Ming. The members of the Ning Young Society 
come from the district of Hoy San, and its President is Moy Cheak Sanij. 
Lin Sing Society is composed of members coming from all the other dis- 
tricts of China. Its membership is not very large and for that reason it 
presidency is usually given to the President of the Hock San Society. 

Address : 
HOCK SAN SOCIETY— 36 Pell Street. 
LIN SING SOCIETY— 34 Pell Street. 
NING YOUNG SOCIETY— 5 Mott Street. 

92 



Perhaps the most widely known Chinese organization is the Chinese 
Consolidated Benevolent Assooation. In the Chinese language it is 
known as Chung Wah Kung Sor— which literally means "middle, flowery, 
public hall or place"— "middle, flowery," of course, interpreted China. 
Every Chinese belongs to this organization. He pays a registration fee 
of two dollars, which totals the only exaction of the organization. A 
president is elected for a term of one year and he is chosen by territorial 
distinction, each district of China being in due time represented. The 
honor of the presidency is of such importance that oftentimes the mem- 
bers of a certain district here about to be represented do not feel that 
they have a member sufficiently fitted by education and association to 
assume the duties of this dignified position. In this event they send to 
China for a representative. There is also an executive committee and the 
association meets regularly, onoe a week, on Saturday. 

The Chung Wah Kung Sor is the Chinese tribunal of justice. It plays 
much the same role with respect to the other Chinese societies and organ- 
izations as does our Supreme Court to our smaller courts. All matters 
that have not been susceptible to amicable adjustment by the various 
societies are finally brought before the Chung Wah Kung Sor. Should 
a momentous question arise that needed adjudication before the regular 
meeting day, the person vitally concerned consults with the Executive 
Committee and a special meeting is arranged. For this service a fee of 
two dollars is charged, to cover the petty expenses incurred. 

A large amount of charity work is also done by the association. Should 
a man die destitute of funds, relatives, or friends, the Chung Wah Kung 
Sor provides a fitting burial. One great obsession with the Chinese is 
that they will not be properly buried. This function on the part of the 
Chung Wah Kung Sor relieves their minds of a very weighty problem. 

Should one of its members be in need of representation in our courts 
and not have the means of securing suitable assistance, such will be "pro- 
cured for him. 

In national crises the Chung Wah Kung Sor has ever been ready to 
play Its part. Appreciating the benefits of a Republican form of govern- 
ment ithas been whole-hearted and generous in its support of the Chinese 
Revolutionists. In times of undue distress, such as floods, etc., it has 
raised funds to relieve the suffering occasioned by the situation 

Their President is Yee Wing Yan, from the district of Hoy San. 

Address: 16 Mott Street. 

The Chinese Free Masons was organized in the year 1674, immediateh- 
tollowing the Manchu invasion of China and its ascendency to the throne 
None escaped the tyrannical rule of the Manchus, even the monks of the 
monasteries were suspected. Finally, the ruling power sent militarv forces 
to kill the monks and burn the monasterv of Shew Lum Chew in 'the dis- 
trict of Lang Feng, in the province of Hunan. This was a very old 
monastery, dating from the fifth century. Those who were fortunate 
enough to escape death secretly formed a society called the Society of 
Heaven and Earth for the purpose of avenging their wrongs. It grew 
'"r^u^^/" u'*^ fundamental purpose graduallv became the overthrowing 
ot the Manchu yoke. The Revolutionists gave expression to its desire and 
the JMationalist Party owes its birth to the same source. The Free Masons 
to-day are the conservatives of the Nationalist Party and its members are 
mostly the older men of the Republic; while the Liberals are of the 
younger generation with more modern ideas. The President of the New 
York Chinese Free Masons is Chin Num from the district of Hoy San. 

93 



The Chinese-American Citizens Alliance assumed the duties and 
obligations of an organization two years ago. For many years an organ- 
ization with a similar purpose, but with another name, had been in exist- 
ence in the State of California. Visitors had much to tell of the good 
work done by the "Native Sons of the Golden State" until the stories 
reached the proportionate size as to incite the formation of the Chinese- 
American Citizens Alliance of New York. The membership of approxi- 
mately five hundred is composed entirely of American-born Chinese. The 
purpose of the Alliance is to assist the members intelligently to exercise 
their franchise. Lectures on politics, international law and social economy 
are given. Those who are familiar with our methods of government, 
civil and federal, impart their knowledge both to their fellow citizens of 
the Alliance and their Chinese associates. An open forum is maintained 
and it is an interesting event to be one of the audience, especially when 
presidential election is approaching and the relative good qualities of the 
candidates are brought forward for debate. Governmental legislation 
relative to the Chinese is always carefully scrutinized and digested, 
minutely and intelligently explained. The regular meeting day of the 
Alliance is Sunday, although the doors are always open and the general 
atmosphere of the place is more of a social club room. About three 
hundred of its members volunteered for duty with the Home Defense 
League and were accepted. They have served in various capacities — mostly 
guard duty. Twelve members are doing duty in cantonments of the 
United States Army, some as volunteers and others as the result of the 
selective draft. The Alliance has an advisory committee and a president. 
The presidency has been accorded Lee Du since its formation, which was 
directly due to the leadership and guidance of Mr. Lee. 

Address : 6 Mott Street. 

Within the past year there has been organized in Chinatown the Jan 
Tuck Society. In our language, Jan Tuck means "advance education" 
and this is the concrete purpose of the society. The membership is made 
up of the younger generation of Chinese, many of whom were born in 
the United States. It is their desire to avail themselves of every educa- 
tional opportunity. To that end, their main cUib room is, in fact, a 
growing library — current literature on the topics of the day as well as 
the best authorities are to be found upon the shelves. Once a week a 
lecture is given by a prominent person, on timely topics. The society has 
approximately fifty members, who, for the most part, are students in this 
city. The original promoters were Tom Shu, Lee Daut Chu, Ng Chip Sh"i. 
Ng Yi Yuen, Lee Tin Sak, Ng Tong Shang, Loi Tin Yu, Lau Kwang, and 
Chung Gum Ping. Its newly elected officers are : President, Lee Yook 
Chow : Honorary President, Ong Yiu Nen ; Secretaries, Tom Jack Sam 
and Chung Har Hing ; Treasurer, Loy Ten Yee. 

Address: 26 Mott Street. 

The Trust God Society is made up of Chinese who have accepted Chris- 
tianity. Creed is not a bar to membership and the various denominations 
are represented. The one exaction is attendance at every meeting and 
the strict observance of Sunday as a day of rest. The purpose of tnt 
society is to study the words of the Bible and expound their meaning to 
the less enlightened Chinese. The Chinese language is used ■exclusively. 
There are about seventy members and the organization is supported entirely 
by voluntary contributions. 

Address : 5 Mott Street. 

94 



In 1907, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, with the combined assistance of Chu Su Gunn. 
Ng Jang, Ng John, Wang Kai, Mrs. Wang Kai, Chin Wing Fay, and 
Jung Sing Ho, all able men, formed a society in New York called "Young 
China." The Chinese vocabulary called it Tung Ming Hwei, defined as 
"sworn brothers society." "Young China" had five fundamental principles: 
(1) to maintain the unity of politics; (2) to expand local self-government; 
(3) to attempt the assimilation of the race; (4) to adopt the best policies 
of socialism; (5) to maintain national peace. Capable orators as well as 
organizers toured the States, explaining the purpose of the society, organ- 
izing branches and soliciting contributions for its support. To-day "Young 
China" is known as the Nationalist Party with a membership in the 
United States of approximately 17,000 and with 172 branches scattered 
over the states. An organ for the Eastern division was commenced in 
1914 and called the Mun Hey W^eekly. Chu Su Gunn, one of the original 
organizers and treasurer of the society for five years, was elected editor 
of the paper. Mr. Chu is also corresponding editor for the official mouth- 
piece of the party published daily in San Francisco and Shanghai under 
the name of "Young China." The party meets the first Sunday of each 
month and the President of the Eastern division is Ma Soo. 

Address : 16 Pearl Street. 

Chinese youngsters are no different than the youngsters of any other 
race. Hidden within their breasts are the same instincts, the same love of 
sports and games and clubs as are fostered by our own youths. The 
Chinese Boy Scouts is the outgrowth of an athletic club. Samuel Fung 
could see no reason why the boys of his club should not learn to do the 
same things the American Boy Scouts were taught to do. since they went 
to the same school, played the same games. Samuel talked it over with 
the boys and they finally decided to ask their Sunday School teacher how 
to go about it — with the result that they were registered as full-fledged 
Boy Scouts with the Manhattan Council in May, 1916. The troop has 
seventeen members, ranging in ages from twelve to eighteen. With two 
exceptions, they have all been born in the United States, and the majority 
were born in New York. Each and every one attends American schools 
and many of them also attend the Chinese school. Being "for really" Boy 
Scouts, they assume the rights and duties of their organization. In May 
of this year they formed a fife, drum and bugle corps which receives 
instruction on regular meeting days. The troop meets every Friday and 
receives instruction in the various subjects pertaining to scout life, such as 
scout craft, wood craft, first aid, etc. The troop makes hikes and has 
camped on Staten Island. It does guard duty and the various other duties 
undertaken by the Boy Scouts — escorting officials, foreign missions, etc. 
During the Second Liberty Loan Subscription the Chinese Boy Scouts did 
their bit among their own people. Ho Chin Chen has recently been ap- 
pointed Scout Master for the troop. Mr. Ho is a graduate of Peking 
University, Johns Hopkins and Teachers' College of Columbia, and at 
present is doing post-graduate work at Columbia. Alfred Lee — Lee Sy 
Hung — who has acted as the temporary leader of the troop since June, 
1917, has been appointed Assistant Scout Master. The other officers are: 
Senior Patrol Leader, Samuel Fung; Scout Scribe, Young Lee; Treasurer, 
Harry Lee. 



95 



A FEW THOUGHTS 

REGARDING 

CHINA and the CHINESE 

PERSONALITY OF THE CHINESE 



BY 

WARNER M. VAN NORDEN 



A Few Thoughts Regarding 
China and the Chinese 

PERSONALITY OF THE CHINESE 

There has been such dire inadequacy in our conception of the Chinese 
that I cannot refrain from inserting a few words on the subject. 

Our word person is from persona, the Latin for a mask for actors ; 
hence, a personage or character is a part represented by an actor ; or a 
part played by an actor ; again, a part which one sustains in the world. 
Century Dictionary. 

The word persona is derived from joining per, which means through 
with sonus, which is Latin for sound. The literal meaning, therefore, of 
persona, or our word person, is through sound; and the verb personare, 
or our impersonated, is to resound, make a noise on a musical instrument, 
play, call out; especially to act a part by talking through a mask. 

Personality is an assumed character, a role which one appears in. The 
broader, and weaker, sense frequently given this word — as synonymous 
with individuality — is but a complimentary appellation given to men and 
women of varying intellect, chiefly because so few have the vision, the 
mentality, the versatility to play a part. We call all clergymen reverend; 
and in China each foreigner is hailed as teacher. 

The Chinese are the greatest race of actors in existence. Everyone acts ; 
there is hardly a man who does not love to strike an attitude or alter his 
personality. This love of acting is frequently misunderstood by Western- 
ers, who look upon it as deception. It is, in truth, the height of mental 
achievement. To all possessed of more than average ability, play acting 
is life, whether it be in business, love, religion or in state relations. 

In the ordinary every-day affairs of life, this personality becomes a 
second nature— one repeats the play acting until it reaches the involuntar\'. 
When one forbears assuming new personalities, he becomes stupid and 
a bore. 

SENSATIONS 

Personality is the reflection of sensations. The true study of a people 
is an attempt to understand their ultimate response to the various sensa- 
tions. In what manner does the Mongolioid react to the application of pain, 
pleasure, success and failure; to objects of love and hate; to causes of 
ambition and despair ; to the atmosphere of religious fervor and pride of 
unbelief ; to indulgence in smell, taste, sight, hearing and touch ? These 
sensations — the children of nerves plus environment — all primarily cause 
the swelling of the diaphragm. We well know that the unintentional physi- 
cal response is the same under the occurrence of any of the sensations. 
Further expression depends upon the pattern or cultivation of the nervous 
system, tempered by the effects of environment. The first physical 
response to a sensation is in the region of the vital organs. Dr. William 
James, in his "Varieties of Religious Experience," gives many instances of 
men and women falling prostrate under the influence of sudden religious 
emotion, their strength fails them, their hearts actually stop beating 

99 



Dr. James, in his lecture, "The Reality of the Unseen," speaks of an 
intimate friend of his — "one of the keenest intellects I know" — who wrote: 
"There zvas a horribly unpleasant sensation connected with it. It stirred 
something more at the roots of my being. The feeling had something of 
the quality of a very large tearing vital pain, spreading chiefly over the 
chest, but within the organism." 

The secondary effect of sensation is reflected upon the imagination which 
very often leads to disturbance in the nerve extremities. Witness the 
Jerusalem Jump amongst the negroes of the South and the Methodists. 
Professor Starbuck of California writes, quoting a woman convert to 
Christianity : "/ knozv not how I got back into the encampment, but I 

found myself staggering up to 's holiness tent. It was full of 

speakers and a terrible noise inside, some groaning, some laughing, some 
shouting. . . . I fell on my face. . . ." Another tells of dancing 
until she dropped. 

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CHINESE AT HOME 

The usual picture of the Chinese and their homeland is quite at variance 
with mine. I think I may illustrate without giving offense to those who 
differ with me. 

An American college professor writes : 

"Higher and higher the tree destruction extends and farther and farther 
does the axeman work his way from the waterways. Chaff and straw, 
twigs and leaves and litter are burned in the big brick bedsteads that zvarm 
the sleepers on Winter nights and under the big shallozv copper vessels set 
in the low brick or mud stoves." 

It is true that there are no trees upon the great rich alluvial deposits 
found in several provinces. These sections have been occupied by farmers 
from the very hour they were formed by the deposits of the Yellow and 
W'cst rivers. There have never been any trees and it would be most 
stupid to plant them — the ground being vastly more productive, used as it 
is, for garden truck. 

Regarding the burning of the roots of the Kao-liang, the reason is 
certainly not a lack of fuel. It is a biennial plant, yielding the first year 
a glorious head of millet, but the second produces only a smutty stalk. 
In order to prevent the Kao-liang coming up the second season the Chinese 
dig out the roots and burn them. 

Again from the same author : 

"In the South, population is forced from the land onto the zvater and 
myriads pass their lives in sampans and house boats." 

I have found that the reason the Chinese live along the river banks and 
in house boats is due to the fact that they are naturally fond of fish food, 
and afraid of the bandits, tigers and wolves inhabiting the uplands. 

The author speaks of "living in a supersaturated, man-stifled land," and 
says : "Pasture and meadozv there is none, for land is too precious to be 
used for growing food for animals. Even on the boulder-strezvn steeps 
there is no grazing save for the goats; for where a cozv can crop hcrbiage 
a man can grow a hill of corn. The cows and water buffaloes never taste 
grass except zvhen they are taken out on a tether" 

This method of feeding cattle is followed the world over, outside of the 
Americas. In the Island of Jersey and in France cattle are not allowed 
to roam over fields at will, but are led forth to crop the roadsides. 

"The traveller will find no roadside, no, commons, no waste land, no pas- 
ture, no groves, nor orchards, not even a door yard, or a cow pen. Saz-e 

100 



the threshing floor, on every outdoor spot fit to spread a blanket on, is 
groiving something. But, if he ivill pay, he may pitch his tent in a sub- 
merged rice field, in the midst of a bean patch or among the hills of sweet 
potatoes." 

I should like to ask this author where he thinks breed the tens of thou- 
sands of duck found on the lakes of China? What he would say in regard 
to the pheasant, Bengal tigers and wolves that are found in every province 
o£ China? 

The two subjects of deforestation and over-population of China have 
been so harped upon, and are so utterly untrue, and the impression given 
relative to the environment in which the Chinese live is so harmful to a 
proper conception of their nerve incentive, that I must dwell upon the facts. 

The wisest students estimate the population of China at three hundred 
and twenty millions, which gives an average density per square mile for 
the various provinces as follows : 

comparable with that of New York 
" Ohio 
" Maryland 
Maine 
Connecticut 
New Hampshire 
" Indiana 
" Switzerland 

Austria 
" Massachusetts 
" Great Britain and Ireland 
" Rhode Island 
" Italy 
" Germany 
" Pennsylvania 
" Japan 
" Roumania 
" Portugal 

In China proper the average population per square mile is 208, about 
the same as in New York State, and including her dependencies, Man- 
churia, Tibet, Mongolia and Sin Kiang, the average population is 78, which 
compares with that of Delaware. 

France has an average density of population to the square mile of 191, 
Belgium of 656, England and Wales of 684. In England and Wales the 
people live three times as thickly packed together as in China proper and 
almost ten times as congested as the population of Greater China. 

In Kwangsi I have traveled for three weeks without having come upon 
a single human habitation. Across Northern Chihli, a portion of the 
Mongolian plain and stretching into Manchuria, is the Imperial Forest, 
covering thousands of square miles, containing superb trees, charming 
natural openings and teeming with deer, roebuck, pheasants and wild 
flowers. The country commanding the Yangtze and Min gorges is as 
wild and fearful as any portion of North America. Wild tribes in China's 
west take the place which the Indians did in America a century ago. In 
China there are upland valleys capable of supporting five hundred million 
people, through some of which we marched with an armed escort, for 
there no human being save bandits and Miaotze had ever before set foot. 



Chihli 


has 


200 


Shansi 




115 


Shensi 




90 


Kansu 




29 


Szechuen 




250 


Yunnan 




54 


Kwangsi 
Kwantung 




70 
237 


Fukien 




180 


Chekiang 




370 


Kiangsu 

Shantung 

Honan 




400 
444 
330 


Hupeh 
Kweichou 




297 
134 


Hunan 




247 


Kiangsi 
Anhwei 




237 

257 



101 



This is the China I love to think of, peopled by families of mountaineers 
— the Chinese hunter, the forester, the herdsman — with all their cordiality 
and freedom from restraint. 

I know of no area I should call congested — that is, ill-balanced. Of 
course, there are crowded sections, small in area compared with the total, 
but even in these parts of China one who has cultivated sufficient oriental 
viewpoint will find characters rare and beautiful, minds trained, senses fine. 

With possibly Africa excepted, there exists no such shooting the world 
over as in China to-day. Flocks of ducks swarm by the tens of thousands 
— wild geese in large number — pheasants of several varieties — rabbits, 
wolves, deer, everywhere — and as for fish, the streams and ponds teem 
with them. These surroundings develop characters such as we find in 
Western Canada and in our own mountain wilds. 

Works on Chinese history are, for the most part, unusually dry. I admit 
the subject is difficult to make into a chatty tale, yet it is of the utmost 
importance, in judging the sensational reaction of a people, to grasp their 
early surroundings. 

Dr. Friedrich Hirth, one of our greatest Chinese scholars, writes in the 
preface of his "Ancient History of China" : 

"Students wishing to know something about China often believe they 
have done enough if they have read a book of modern travel or one on 
recent politics. They resemble the amateur traz^eicr in Italy who thinks 
he may learn to know the country without troubling himself about the 
history of Rome. Having started wrong, as it were, they will never 
realize that many of the oddities and pussies encountered in the attempt 
to understand the modern Chinese disappear if we can trace their historical 
origin and development. In this respect the Chinese of to-day is unique 
as compared with all other countries. No other people in the world is so 
closely connected with its ancient history as the Chinese, that has created 
standards which have become dominant in all development down to our 
ozvn times, not only in China, herself, but to a certain extent throughout 
the Far East, especially in Korea and Japan. The ancient history of China 
in this respect holds a position in the extreme East similar to that of 
Greece and Rome in the West." 

The impressions created upon the mind of the average reader of Chinese 
subjects have strewn mischief that will take years of labor to purge. This 
condition is evident on all sides. To the average person in America a 
Chinese is a heathen, to be treated as an object of scorn and distrust. 
This attitude prevails entirely because of misleading statements in our 
reading matter, and misrepresentation on the stage. 

PHYSICAL AND NERVOUS CONDITION OF CHINESE 

In studying the physical and nervous condition of the Chinese one must 
remember that the Chinese is the only race that has remained strong, 
simple and pure, in those ideals which make for manhood and the fulness 
and enjoyment of life. In Europe, while our ancestors were benumbing 
their senses with drink and debauchery of the lowest kind, and, in their 
numerous wars, were sending the flower of the race to be killed, the 
Chinese, in their simple and hardy environment, were cultivating their 
primal senses, permitting the fighting to be done by the lowest class of 
their men. 

To-day we examine our young men and pick out the most fit to be 
slaughtered, whilst we refuse to compel examination and selection of 
those who propose to marry and the most unfit are sent to our farms. 

102 



Thus, we are doing all we can to weaken our race. Our men of learning 
eke out a pitiful living as college professors, inventors. Many starve 
on $500 a year. In China the literati are given weekly portions of rice 
and they have servants to carry their books. They marry several wives 
and father plenty children. 

We should send to the front men from our prisons ; we should round 
up all of weak will power and all degenerates, all who are unsuccessful, 
all who are loafing, and send them to the trenches. 

Each year the Chinese becomes more confirmed in his belief of his 
mental superiority over the people of the rest of the world. This is but 
a natural deduction on their part, when they take into consideration that 
for centuries the scholars of Japan, Korea, Tonkin and Annam, and even 
some from India, flocked to China to acquire wisdom. When the British, 
Portuguese, and lastly the Americans arrived, these strangers treated the 
Chinese with high contempt. As we learn from early works on China, 
the French alone considered the Chinese worthy of serious study. For a 
long, long time the opinions of these strangers made little impression, but 
gradually the constant hammering of the five thousand Protestant mis- 
sionaries, and the twenty-five thousand "Community" people raised doubts 
in the minds of the Chinese as to whether these foreigners might not, 
after all, be superior, especially when this hammering was backed up by 
the introduction of such marvels as modern guns, motors, phonographs, 
etc.- It followed, therefore, after the Boxer days, that the Chinese, at the 
invitation of America, sent hither numbers of young men who entered our 
colleges. Upon returning home, these boys uniformly told the same story, 
namely : that in those things which Westerners term civilization we are 
greatly superior, but in sheer mentality and in the keen development of 
primal senses we cannot compete for a moment with the Chinese. From 
the latest reports, I infer that the trend in some of the provinces of China 
is back to their own ideals, and their interest in ours is less keen than it 
was five years ago. 

Why should the Chinese cling to his belief in his mental superiority 
over the peoples of the world? He hardly knows that Dr. Miiller of 
Vienna has stated that, by actual measurement, the Chinese have greater 
brain capacity than any other people. It is in actual mental achievement 
that they see their superiority. Dr. Faunce of Providence, Rhode Island, 
has stated that Shakespeare carried in his mind all his great plays, with 
their host of characters and situations, but I have never heard it suggested 
that Shakespeare knew his plays verbatim. Certainly there is no living 
man who does. Yet there are thousands of Chinese who can recite an 
equal volume of "Classics" without a single mistake. Can our mathema- 
ticians work through intricate problems, without the aid of pencil, paper 
and tables? 

This mental superiority, combined with the experience of centuries in 
teaching others, has developed a race of men who are poor advertisers. 
The Chinese students attending our colleges are proverbially reticent re- 
garding Things Chinese. This makes it difficult for the W^estern student 
to acquire accurate data upon the things which are the most important 
in the lives of the Chinese. 

From time immemorial the Chinese have fostered and esteemed knowl- 
edge in every form. The scholar outranked all other classes of men. 
Members of this group were guarded and protected. The family of a 
literatus would w^ork its fingers off rather than allow him to do the least 
manual labor. He must be the father of a large family, by several wives, 
so as to improve the race. 

103 



Contrast this with the method practised by the Jews, who persecuted 
and put to death everj-one of unusual mentality. The story of Adam and 
Eve being driven from the Garden of Eden because they ate from the 
"tree of knowledge" and lest they should eat of "that other tree" is but 
an illustration of the Hebrew fanatical antagonism to ultra mentality. 

This antagonism to mind development is further shown in the follow- 
ing quotations : 

Ex. 22:18: "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." A witch being a 

man or woman of unusual psychic power. 

Deut. 18:10: "There shalt not be found among you any one that maketh 

his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, 

or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch." 

Lev. 20:27: "Man or woman of a familiar spirit put to death." 

Lev. 19 :31 : "Regard not them that have familiar spirits." 

Lev. 19 :31 : "Nor seek after wizards to be defiled by them." 

Lev. 20:27: "A wizard shall surely be put to death." 

Lev. 20:6: "The soul that turns after wizards I will cut off." 

1 Samuel 28:3: "Samuel put away those that had familiar spirits, and 

the wizards out of the land." 

1 Samuel 28 :7 : "Then said Saul unto his servants, seek me a woman 
that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And 
his servants said to him. Behold, there is a woman with a familiar spirit." 

1 Samuel 28:9: "And the woman said unto him (Saul) thou knowest 
what Samuel hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar 
spirits, and the wizards out of the land. Wherefore then layest thou a 
snare for my life, to cause me to die." The witch brought up Samuel. 

Isa. 19 :3 : "And they shall seek to idols and wizards." 

Gen. 11:22: "Behold, the m.an is become as one of us, to know good 
and evil and now lest he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of 
life and eat and live forever . . ." 

The earlv Christian church in incorporating much of the Jewish thought 
into Christianity, continued this extinction of all men and women with 
marked ability. 

Joan of Arc. who at the head of the French Army, in less than five 
months accomplished her mission to drive the English from France, after 
much brutality. May 30, 1431, was burned at the stake. Why? Because 
of her marked psychic power. 

Galileo Galilei (A. D. 1569-1642) on account of the great advancement 
in his theories on astronomy was accused of heresy, and under menace 
of torture had to recant his teachings. 

His famous countryman, Giardano Bruno (A. D. 1548-1600) the philos- 
opher of the Renaissance, for enlightening humanity, was hounded by the 
Inquisition, keot seven years in confinement, and burned at the stake 
February 7, 1600. 

Because the witches 1)elieved in psychical phenomena, the total number 
of M'itch persecutions is estimated at from one hundred thousand to sev- 
eral millions. Benedict Carpgo (A. D. 1595-1666) passed sentence on more 
than twenty thousand victims. Cotton Mather certainly told the truth 
when he said the witch of Salem caused cats to run up chimneys "and 
on this account she was burned to death." 

For having learned palmistry and various "magic tricks" nineteen witches 
were hanged at Salem and one pressed to death, in 1692. Less than five 
years a^o, here in New York City, a very fair mind-reader was arrested 
and forbidden again to practise his "tricks" on the less acute public. 

104 



As I have said, the Chinese have not only encouraged and protected the 
learned, and furthered the increase in the number of his offspring, but 
they have aided the enlargement of mental capacity by training and pre- 
serving, to an extreme degree, the primal senses. We cultivate only the 
senses of sight and hearing, such cultivation consisting of a refining 
process of the most complex kind. The Chinese cultivate their senses 
equally and along primal lines. This cultivation is a part of their educa- 
tion, as much so as their studying of the Classics. 

A Chinese sitting in his home with no view of the street can tell merely 
by his intensive sense of smell whether a passerby is a native of his town, 
whether he hails from the next province, or whether he is perchance a 
stranger. The Chinese have developed the sense of smell to a degree 
almost approaching that of a bloodhound. Furthermore, the sense of smell 
affords the Chinese great pleasure. We read statements relative to the 
dreadful odors in Chinese cities. These odors are the greatest delight to 
them. They enjoy the smell of heaps of excrement or an old egg, much 
the same as a hound enjoys the smell of an old bone. 

The majority of Americans have an extremely limited sense of smell. 
The range of our perceptions of odors is restricted to a very few pro- 
nounced odors such as issue from the onion or the common odors such 
as emanate from the rose. But the classification, discrimination and enjoy- 
ment of the delicate and subtle odors are not part of our intelligence. 
Many of the most entrancing odors are positively tabooed from our 
"refined" thought and conversation. The few "Westerners" who have 
developed the sense of smell, even in their weak and limited way, find it 
the most satisfying of all sense indulgence. 

Helen Keller, deaf, dumb and blind, who communicates with the outside 
world only through her sense of touch and smell, writes in her book "The 
World I Live In" : 

"In my experience, smell is most important. I know by smell the kind 
of house we enter. I have recognised an old-fashioned country house 
because it had several lavers of odors, left by a succession of families, 
of plants, perfumes and draperies. 

"From exhalations I learn much about people. I often know the work 
they are engaged in. I can distinguish the carpenter from the irun-zvorker. 
the artist from the mason or the chemist. I gain pleasurable ideas of 
freshness and good taste from the odors of soap, toilet water, clean gar- 
ments, woolen and silken stuffs, and gloves. 

"The dear odors of those I love are so definite that nothing can oblit- 
erate them. 

"Some people have a vague unsubstantial odor that floats about, mock- 
ing every effort to identify it. Sometimes I meet one zvho lacks a dis- 
tinctive person-scent, and I seldom find such a one lively or entertaining. 
On the other hand, one zvho has a pungent odor often possesses great 
vitality and vigor of mind. 

"In the odor of young men there is something elemental, as of fire, 
storm, and salt sea. It pulsates with buoyancy and desire. It suggests 
all things strong and beautiful and joyous, and gives me a sense of physical 
happiness. It is not^ until the age of six or seven that children begin to 
have perceptible individual odors. These develop and mature along zvith 
their mental and bodily powers. 

"Jl'ithout a sense of smell, the objects dear to my hands zvould become 
formless, dead things, and I should zvalk among them as among invisible 
ghosts." 

105 



The sense of touch is also acutely developed by the Chinese. For in- 
stance, they affect silks and cottons, and when a stranger comes into their 
midst wearing woolen garments, it gives them a pleasurable sensation to 
be permitted, not for a moment but for hours, to stroke and touch the 
material. This contact produces in them a sensation which can be com- 
pared similarly to the swelling sensations of one who hits the "sawdust 
trail." Not only the diaphragm, but the neck becomes swollen, the eyes 
dilate, and the entire nervous system is indulged. 

The Chinese will spend an hour over a small cup of rice wine, smelling, 
tasting, sipping, and smacking their lips with intense pleasure. The taste 
of the average New Yorker requires a cocktail of an admixture of bitters 
to give him a thrill. 

An illustration of the acute susceptibility of the Chinese is found in the 
chicken hatcheries. Here the heat is supplied by decomposing matter and 
is regulated not by a thermometer but by the sense of heat pressure 
which the man in charge feels. It is said he can detect a change of one- 
half a degree. 

Recently it has been remarked that, until Hoover advocated it, the 
American public refused to eat corn and that less than one per cent, of 
the year's yield was eaten in its natural state. When it is eaten it must 
be disguised by white flour, sugar, cream and eggs. The corn hone repre- 
sents but a small amount of the total raised in this country. Why? Be- 
cause our primal taste has lost its simplicity and we demand jumbles and 
salmagundi. 

VX'here nerves have been benumbed as ours have been here in the West, 
by over stimulation or refinement, they are incapable of responding except 
with a mere flutter to some hectic production, whereas the strong, virile, 
primal nerves of the Chinese sensate to the simplest cause. 

CHINESE IN OTHER COUNTRIES 

Americans hardly realize what the Chinese are doing in other countries. 
We are so accustomed to think of them merely as laundry men or petty 
merchants. The Chinese outside of China are established in thirty-one 
countries. We often think of the British as represented in every quarter 
of the globe, and yet there are only one-fourth as many English, Scotch 
and Irish outside the United Kingdom as there are Chinese outside the 
borders of their eighteen provinces. The Chinese are distributed as 
follows : 

China proper 320.000 000 Borneo 40,000 

Manchuria 11,000,000 Australia 30,000 

Tava 3.256,000 Mexico 28,000 

Formosa 2,250.000 Canada 24,000 

Mongolia 2,000,000 Tibet 22,000 

Hong Kong 344.000 Hawaii 18,000 

Siberia 300,000 Korea 11,000 

Straits Settlements 281,000 Celebes 8,100 

Sin Kiang 220.000 New Zealand 6,000 

West Indies 110,000 Three Guianas 2,200 

Sumatra 93,000 Brazil 1,800 

Indo-China 88,000 Chili 1,100 

Peru 77,000 Europe 1,100 

United States 75,000 Canal Zone 516 

South Africa 48,000 Ecuador 300 

Philippines 42,000 

106 



RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND PERU 

The treaty between China and Peru is interesting, and portions are 
worthy of reprint. 

TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, COMMERCE, and NAVIGATION 

BETWEEN CHINA AND PERU 

SIGNED AT TIENTSIN— 26 JUNE 1874 

ARTICLE V. 

"Chinese subjects shall have the liberty to travel at their pleasure 
throughout the territory of Peru as long as they behave peaceably and 
commit no offense against the laws and regulations of the country." 

ARTICLE VI. 

"The Republic of Peru and the Empire of China cordially recognize the 
inherent and inalienable right of man to change his home. Their citizens 
and subjects respectively, may consequently go freely from the one coun- 
try to the other for purposes of curiosity, trade, labor, or as permanent 
residents. . . ." " 

ARTICLE VII. 

"It" is further agreed, that for the better understanding and more 
efficient protection of the Chinese subjects in Peru, the Peruvian govern- 
ment will appoint official interpreters of the Chinese language in the 
Prefectures of the Departments of Peru where the great centers of 
Chinese immigraton exist." 

PRICES IN CHINA AND AMERICA 

It has never been denied that the Chinese farmers are superior to 
the farmers of any other country in the quantity of produce they demand 
from each acre they cultivate. 

In no country is the demand for food greater than in China and 
yet we find under their intensive cultivation of China the following 
comparison in prices for the leading food stuffs : 

HANKOW NEW YORK 

Beefsteak $ .04 per lb. '$.30 to $.42 per lb. 

Veal 07 per lb. .20 to .45 per lb. 

Mutton 08 per lb. .28 per lb. 

Spring Chicken 08 per lb. .45 per lb. 

Liver 04 per lb. .35 per lb. 

Fowl 07 per lb. .30 per lb. 

Fish — alive 10 per lb. .20 to .40 per lb. 

Onions 03 per lb. .20 per lb. 

Eggs from..$ .02 to $ .05 per doz. Strictly fresh, $ .52; storage, $ .45 

Potatoes $ .05 per bushel $3.00 a bushel. 

Cauliflower $ .12 per head .20 to .30 per head 

COST OF LIVING IN CHINA 

The prices charged for merchandise and service in China are analagous 
to those which prevailed in England several hundred years ago, when, 
during the time of the Plantagenets, we read that a man could support 
his family for a week upon the equivalent of a quarter in our money. 

107 



A sheep sold for twenty-four cents ; a cow for a dollar and a half ; a fat 
hog for eighty cents ; a pair of chickens for two cents ; a fat goose, five 
cents; and for forty-eight glasses of beer (three gallons) the price fixed 
by law was three cents ; wheat was four cents a bushel, and farm land 
rented at eight cents an acre per year. 

In Queen Elizabeth's day, beef was two and a half cents a pound; 
cheese, four cents ; and wheat, thirty-eight cents a bushel. The Lord 
Mayor of London paid a rental of four dollars and eighty-nine cents a 
year for his house. Laborers were paid three cents a day, while an under- 
clerk of Parliament received twenty-four dollars a year. 

In all central villages in China markets are held every ten days, at which 
one may bargain for every conceivable thing. When one considers the 
extravagant prices which prevailed in Rome ; that Julius Caesar, when 
but twenty-one years of age, was five million dollars in debt, and how 
centuries of war and retrogression reduced living to such prices as have 
been quoted in comparison with those of New York markets, we must stop 
to ponder whether the present suicide in Europe, with the possible sub- 
mission of all the continent to the Slav and Mongol, will ever bring back 
like conditions. A few days ago, in the small town of New Paltz, I saw 
the motorman who took the first morning trolley out of the barn arrive in 
his own automobile. How amusing some of the wisdom of a few years 
ago sounds today ! 

In the ports where foreigners live and where bachelors predominate, 
it is largely the custom of men to board with their number one boy. This 
boy is paid a stipulated sum and furnished with seven bills of fare, one for 
each day of the week. The boy goes forth each day and buys his goods, 
bargaining in the markets of trading with the boys connected with other 
establishments. 

Many stories are told about the manner in which these boys make 
up different fancy dishes from scraps which they purchase from other boys. 
If chicken croquettes are on the bill for Saturday, the boy will get in 
touch with some other boy whose employer is having roast chicken on 
Friday. This economy is inborn in the Chinese ; undoubtedly bred from 
early necessity. 

All foreign hotels in the ports are conducted on the American plan, 
that is meals and service included in the price of the room, the tariff 
varying from two to five dollars a day. For those who prefer apartments 
elsewhere, a special rate of tnirty dollars a month for board is made. 
(All prices in this article have been converted into American equivalents.) 
Bachelor apartments rent for from twenty-five to fifty dollars a month, 
and a "boy" can be had for from seven to ten dollars a month. The prices 
for supplies vary according to one's status in life, and meats and vege- 
tables cost the head bookkeeper as much more again as the clerk, and 
the manager must pay in proportion. Again, frequently during busi- 
ness depressions or reductions of salaries, if the facts are ascertained 
by the servants and communicated to the market men, one finds his 
bills materially reduced. 

If "no man can serve two masters," how can he serve a score? The 
Western hotel "servant" is no servant ; he knows so many masters that 
he neither "loves" nor "hates" — he does not "hold to" nor does he "de- 
spise." His heart contains naught but avarice and fear ; greed for tips 
and dread of losing his sphere of brigandage. Service, to be acceptable, 
must be prompted by devotion. Why do we of America and Europe per- 
sist in a system which is, by the law of human nature, impossible? I 

108 



believe that our system of promiscuous service in hotels is responsible 
for half of the indigestion, rheumatism and loss of geniality of the race. 
The whole scheme of our hotel management is vulgar and unsanitary. 
We demand our individual room, bed and perhaps bath, yet we eat 
food handled behind closed doors, by no one knows whom, served on 
plates, sometimes wiped with the vilest of cloths, and put into our mouths, 
spoons and forks almost direct from the mouths of others. What do we 
know of the last person who slept in our bed, used our sheets and 
napkins or drank from our glasses? 

Chinese inns may be divided into two general classes. At the poorer 
ones, all sleep in one large room, ranged about upon board benches 
against the walls. The proprietor cooks the food in a large pot over 
the brush fire, which fills the room with smoke but not with warmth. 
In Shanghai, where baths are known to the Chinese, the same water and tub 
is used for half a dozen guests. In the country inns, pigs and chickens 
often spend the night within the same four walls as the hotel guests. 
The whole establishment is one of the utmost promiscuity. 

These hotels are, with few exceptions, the dirtiest places in China. 
A rake and a broom are used at intervals, soap and water never ; the court- 
yard is almost impassable, with mud and litter ankle deep, while the 
rooms are dingy, full of cobwebs and alive with vermin. The accom- 
modations are invariably crowded and one has difficulty in keeping 
out intruders who want to share one's apartment. At these inns no one but 
the lower classes stop. 

At the better class inns, the plan is ideal and far more exclusive than 
any observed by our hotels. The proprietor receives his guests at the 
outer gate, ushers them into the courtyard and shows them to their 
apartments ; he then retires, leaving them to their own devices. The 
traveler is attended by his own servants ; his cook buys and prepares 
his food, which is of the same quality and cookery that he would enjoy 
at his home table ; the boy unpacks his master's bed, the iron frame, 
mattresses and all. even to the mosquito netting, and arranges folding 
chairs and tables, and everything else that one may wish, all without a 
word. At a tenth of the cost at home, one lives like a lord, sleeps 
like a child and is a thousand miles away from the tipping zone. 

The Chinese inn of this class stands like a great box, without a window 
or a door in the outer walls, except the main entrance gate, which leads 
directly into the courtyard, on to which the three buildings of the inn 
open. In this way, when the great doors of the courtyard are closed, 
the buildings are practically impregnable, a state of things rendered neces- 
sary in a region where highwaymen and organized bands of robbers 
still persist. 

Each of the three buildings contains one or more apartments, con- 
sisting of a room and an anteroom, which are absolutely bare, not a 
stick of furniture in them ; only the four w^alls with perhaps a brick 
kang across one end. The courtyard is occupied by the caravan animals 
and the live stock of the proprietor. 

Those planning trips to the interior of China would do well to put up 
at the native inns only as a last resort. With a complete outfit, all that 
one needs for the night is a place which is sheltered, dry and clean and 
large enough to allow of everything being spread about within sight. 
Owing to the prevalence of many easily contracted diseases, such as 
cholera and dysentery, it is wiser never to eat anything which has not 
been cooked ; more than that, unless the dishes can be securely covered, 
things must be eaten as soon as cooked before the flies have a chance 

109 



to touch the food. Small portable brassiers are everywhere obtainable, 
and I always insisted upon having a "couple of these filled with live coals 
and placed within a few feet of me, in order that I might actually see 
the water boil and the food cook. 

It is impossible for the Chinese to understand our extreme precautions 
in these matters, for the reason that they are partially immune to the 
diseases mentioned ; at least, their cases are rarely, if ever, so severe 
as those of foreigners, who, being exotic, are a peculiarly easy prey to 
the microbes. In his heart the most devoted "boy" thinks us finical. 

The variety of dishes which may be cooked over a small brassier is 
surprising. Rice, in the south, and millet in the north, is always the 
backbone of one of the daily meals ; this, however, is more a custom 
than a necessity, for everywhere one may obtain a great variety of 
fresh vegetables, especially tubers, cabbages, peppers, etc. Peas, beans 
and asparagus one must carry in tins and fruit is unsafe, although abund- 
ant and delicious. Fish may be purchased and as it is invariably sold 
alive may be trusted, but meat is often from animals that have died 
a natural death. 

In Kiu-kiang, one of the ports of the Yang-tze, lives a Yankee who 
has proved a blessing to many a party ; he puts up almost every kind 
of tinned goods, selling them at a price less than that asked for the same 
things imported from America or England. Duff's wild duck, beef, 
peas, beans and peaches are invariably delicious. Tins of Bear Brand 
milk and Carnation cream, Australian and French butter were always in 
our outfit, and Cross & Blackwell's preserves should not be forgotten. 

ENTRANCE TO TEMPLE OF GOD OF MEDICINE 

Throughout the afternoon we were climbing and by nightfall, we 
found ourselves at a most charming Buddhist Temple. Chian- Ling Miao 
is 1,200 feet above a wild gorge, on an overhanging rock, backed by a 
dense grove of cedars. The temple is five hundred years old and looks 
across to the great wall. What bloody scenes the priests of old must 
have witnessed from their watch tower as the rapacious invaders 
slaughtered their flocks below. 

Mr. Thwing and I were armed with two letters from Peking which 
worked like magic. One was addressed to the General in charge of 
the forces which guard the Tung Ling or Eastern Tombs, where the late 
Empress Dowager, Tsu Hsi, is buried ; the other to the Tartar General 
at Jehol. When, therefore, we were within ten li of General Su's 
camp, we sent forward our large Chinese cards with the first letter, 
we ourselves following along slowly on our donkeys. 

Everything had been prepared for our arrival, word having been sent 
by special courier from Peking. So we remained in our saddles until 
we had passed the imposing gateway and entered the large outer 
court. This yard was lined with sheds for the accommodation of scores 
of horses and had, down the center, a stone feeding trough over twent\' 
feet long, hewn from a single block. 

Leaving the yard, we passed through the kitchen and living apartments 
of the manciple, thence into a most lovely garden containing several 
weird dwarf trees, a rookery and a miniature lake, running water and 
glittering goldfish. This tiny paradise is the inner court from which there 
are several exits, one leading to the temple proper with the priest quar- 
ters ; another to the hall of documents and a third to a cloistral inclosure 
with buildings on three sides. These buildings are for the reception 

110 



and entertainment of high officials when passing through this part of 
the country. 

The one apportioned for our use was the most important of the 
three, comprising a commodious reception and dining hall in one and a 
small bedroom at each end. In the main room a window ran the entire 
length, commanding a charming view of the surrounding country; green 
wheat fields, scattered over with white farmhouses and single fir trees ; 
a muddy stream slinking under tasseled willows, a flock of sheep stirring 
up a cloud of dust as they were being driven home from pasture on 
the neighboring hills. Who says that China is not a beautiful country? 

Under the long window was a polished beam of ebony, forty feet 
long, twenty-six inches wide and six inches thick. This massive paral- 
lelopipedon was supported by four heavy, uncarved stools. The only other 
furniture in the apartment was a large round table and four ponderous 
armchairs. On the walls hung two scroll paintings of one of dynasties, 
very precious, representing hunting scenes in the royal forest. 

After the usual conventionalities, vulgarly called, "chin-chining," per- 
formed by the commander and his aide, we were informed that a feast 
had been prepared in our honor. When we returned to the large room 
we found it crowded with officials, priests, favorites, servants and mes- 
sengers. 

The keeper of the temple acted as factotum for the General, standing 
near the doorway. He directed the service and started the laughing when- 
ever his master made a joke. I counted forty-five dishes on the big 
table when we four sat down, the General, his aide, Mr. Thwing and I. 
Every moment more things were brought in, until there was barely 
a square inch not covered by a small bowl. The General served us 
with choice bits, using his own chop sticks to carry the dripping dainties 
from the central dishes to the ones in our zone. Of course, we each 
had our own bowl, but as this was always full to overflowing, it was 
soon necessary to press a few of the common dishes in our immediate 
vicinity into service as temporary depots. Thus bits of fish fried in oil 
would have to rest for a few moments on top of a cup of sweets, await- 
ing their turn. The table top soon became a greasy sea of confusion from 
which we rescued sharks' fins and sugared almonds, ancient doves' 
eggs and watermelon seeds, with utter disregard of order and consequence. 

At last the major domo, taking pity on our helpless state, ordered the 
deck cleared. I was considerably relieved by this command but my rest 
proved of short duration, for other lackeys appeared bearing heaping 
vessels of hot macaroni. 

The manners of our host were exquisite from the Chinese stand- 
point, but in the Western world, might be considered rather out of date. 
This reminded me of Douglas Campbell's description of Queen Elizabeth's 
code of table deportment. Our host would bite off half a small fish, 
then forcibly, yes, and noisily, blow the bones from his mouth to the floor, 
much to the delight of a prowling, mewing cat that pounced on each 
osseous shower. 

A servant wearing a uniform and red tasseled hat, stood behind the 
high official for no other purpose than to keep him supplied with small 
squares of brown paper, with which he dried his fingers, lips and brow, 
throwing the crumpled bits after the bones. 

In addition to the feast, our host consumed six bowls of macaroni, 
pouring over each an amount of strong peppery condiments. He would lift 
the dish to his mouth, push the long slippery strings over the edge with 
his chop sticks, then suck them down in one continuous, gulping stream. 

Ill 



The last bowlful having safely glided down, he repeatedly filled his 
mouth with water for cleansing and sprayed it out over the floor. We 
took this as a signal that the banquet was over. 

CHINESE LANGUAGE 

The difficulties of the Chinese language are, first, that it is mono- 
syllabic. The human voice is capable of expressing only 206 mono- 
syllabic sounds — in order to form a vocabulary of over 40,000 words, 
which the Chinese language contains, they have recourse to what they 
call "tones." In the northern territory there are four tones ; thus the 
same word — "chow," with a rising inflexion has one meaning, with a 
falling inflexion has a different meaning, with an even inflexion has a 
third meaning, and with both a falling and rising inflexion has a fourth 
meaning. 

About Canton there are nine different tones. In addition to these,, 
there are twenty-seven different qualifiers. Thus, a word with the same 
tone and a different qualifier has an entirely different meaning. In 
pidgin English we have to interpret — "piecee" man — one one piecee table, 
but in these two cases "piecee" is a different word. In other words, 
there are twenty-seven different words meaning "piecee." In addition 
to this, the Chinese never use a verb if they can possibly avoid it. The 
verb has to be guessed at. 

LANDLORDS 

The only place where I found absentee landlords was in the upper reaches 
of the Yang-tze ; here some of the landlords who live in I-chang own 
stretches of the river bank above the gorges, which run, in some cases, 
for over a mile. I was told of one man who received a yearly income 
of as much as five thousand dollars in gold for the rent of his land. 

CHINA'S HOLD ON HER TRIBUTARIES 

China's rule over her tributaries has been psychic rather than by 
force, and they are wont to say of those who fail to appear with the 
yearly tribute at the gates of Peking — "What do we lose by it if they 
still remain barbarous? Since they are so averse to wisdom, they need 
to blame nobody but themselves as often as they shall fail in their duty 
through passion or blindness." 

PAWN SHOPS 

The most conspicuous buildings in China are the pagodas, Catholic, 
churches, and pawn shops. For that matter, with the exception of the 
mission buildings, and a few Chinese dwellings to be found throughout 
Shansi and Shensi, and the lama temples of the Mongolian plain, I can 
remember no structures of over one story in height. 

When traveling through a wild and sparsely settled province, such 
as Kwang-si, where one may go for days without seeing a house, it is 
rather surprising to come upon a village of a hundred one-storied 
houses, and behold in their midst a skyscraper. I have seen pawn shops 
which tower up to ten and twelve stories, studded with narrow slit 
windows and barred as a prison. A high wall surrounds this treasure 
house. 

112 



To all intents and purposes, pawn shops are operated on the same prin- 
ciple as those at home ; they are, however, frequented by the most 
respected people and no one feels the slightest hesitancy about patroniz- 
ing them. Many persons, in fact, who do not need the money, are glad 
to use the pawn shops as safe depositaries for their valuables, especially 
furs, of which the Chinese gentry are very fond. When one con- 
siders that a young Chinese, who traveled with us for a short voyage, 
possessed one hundred and six suits of clothes, most of them gorgeous 
brocades, one may understand how he would not care to risk not only 
fire, but marauding expeditions of the countless mountain bandits. 

A military official of Kwei-lin told me that- in the provinces of Kwang 
Tung and Kwang Si he estimated a pawn shop for each ten thousand 
inhabitants. 

WINDOWS 

In the better class of houses, the windows are divided into latticed 
partitions about four inches square, and the whole covered with thin 
transparent paper. When air is wanted, a few of these sections are 
punched out, it being an easy matter to paste on another sheet of paper. 
In the South, we frequently found the sections set with a thin transpar- 
ent shell. The poorer houses have solid wooden blinds. 

KWANG-SI BITS AND LUMBER TOWN 

Upon entering the province of Kwang-si, the appearance of the moun- 
tains changes completely. We crossed the border at a considerable ele- 
vation and looked down upon the mountains all about us as from an air- 
ship. The surface of the earth appeared crumpled. There seemed no 
system to the ranges. No spur was too small to have in turn its own 
spurs. We could see no streams ; in fact, there was no room for any, 
for there were no distinct valleys. 

Aside from the stone arbors called "rest houses," there were no build- 
ings or other signs of human life for miles and miles.. No foreigner 
had ever before crossed this part of the country. In the evening, we 
reached a very small village of lumbermen ; the official received us 
cordially, giving us the best part of the yanmn for the night. After 
dinner, he cautiously asked us if we would like to see the town ; what 
he really wanted to do was to show us to the town. 

We felt quite like the elephants and zebras of a circus, being paraded 
about the little streets. Half a dozen men preceded us with big square 
paper lanterns, bearing the official's name in large letters on each side. 
The mandarin walked between us and we were followed by the yaniun 
hangers-on and then by the multitude. 

LI TSUNG 

For over Sunday, we stopped at a little temple school beside a moun- 
tain brook, on the outskirts of Li Tsung, surrounded on two sides and a 
half by a charming grove of horsetail pines. I found the military official 
an interesting character; a man of but thirty-five, he was the head of the 
leading family in the valley. He owned six hundred acres of rice land 
and lived in a fortified enclosure approximateh' one hundred and fifty 
yards square. He very kindly asked us to call at his home. Inside of 
the high wall was a row of dwellings for about fifty families, all rela- 
tives, who worked the land on the profit-sharing principle, paying their 
chief a percentage of the produce. Above these houses was stored vast 

113 



quantities of firewood and grain, for use in case of a siege. An open space, 
about forty feet wide, separated these dwellings from an inner block, 
which comprised the residence of the chief, the assembly hall, etc. ; 
inside this square was yet another open space and, in the very centre, the 
ancestral temple. Over two hundred and fifty persons lived within this 
great beehive. Li himself was a fine fellow, tall and wiry, in complex- 
ion more red than yellow. 

On leaving Pan Lu Hsii, we passed through a small district of hills, 
composed of a low grade of white marble, shining brightly where the 
water had washed off the weather-beaten black face of the cliffs, the 
stone path here descends one thousand marble steps. 

Beyond, we entered the land of the limestone buttes, which seemed 
to extend over a large section of northeastern Kwang-si. Rising directly 
from the plain, these splendid spires reach a height of from 800 to 1,000 
feet. This is the most striking scenery that I have ever beheld, not 
excepting even "The Dolomites" of Austria. 

Many of these giant hills are entirely hollow, like huge decayed teeth, 
with cavities running from one side ; these caverns are frequently forti- 
fied and used,' as we saw them, as cities of refuge, when attacked by 
robber bands. 

In the vicinity of Hsiwan, we saw carts with large solid wheels 
that were five feet high and six inches thick; they were made of three 
boards held together with inserted cleats, the axles turning with the 
wheels. These were the Only solid wheeled carts which I saw in China 
and the only carts of any kind in the South ; they are used with bullocks. 

FAUNA 

The distribution of the world's fauna is a subject filled with unending 
surprises and in no other country, perhaps, are these more frequently 
met with than in the extreme Orient. 

Bengal tigers and Reeves' pheasants are found north of Peking and 
monkeys in the islands of Japan, both at a parallel of 43° north. 

Among the domestic animals, we are amazed to learn of elephants 
having been employed by the Mongol Khans, and even today camels are 
used throughout a large portion of Northern China and on the Mon- 
golian plain. 

Again, we have been brought to believe that camels require a sandy 
footing and that stones and hard paths and roads soon lame them. 
Northwest of Pao-ting-fu, however, a thousand camels are employed 
in carrying persimmons from the western hills, and they travel over stone 
paths and rough trails with apparently no difficulty or harm. At one time, 
twelve hundred thousand camels were engaged in the transportation of 
tea on the long routes from Hankow to Kiakhta. 

MONGOLIOIDS 

It must be remembered that the "Mongolioids" are entirely dift'erent 
from any other Orientals. Although they have great dignity of bearing, 
there is nothing like the aloofness and stiffness, among them that is met 
with in the near East. When they ask, "Che fan mei yo?" literally mean- 
ing. "Eat rice? Yes? No?" they mean it. They like to entertain strangers 
and really make them feel at home in their houses. 

They are full of fun and enjoy a joke. Among the lower classes, the 
men are just as fond of horse-play as they are in England and they are 

114 



constantly perpetrating practical jokes on one another. But they are not 
as rough as the ordinary London crowd and have an innate dislike of 
being touched. 

TRAITS 

The Chinese love towards Americans is charming, based upon the few 
little acts of kindness which we have shown them. They frequently recall 
our aid in fighting the enforced importation of opium into China ; our re- 
turn of the Boxer indemnity money, which was applied to the tuition fees 
of the Chinese youths sent to our own Universities, and our stand for the 
"Open Door." 

The Chinese are good losers. One day we were going down a rapid 
stream in one of the large river junks, when we saw a man on shore 
pulling in a fish which weighed maybe six pounds. We called to him, 
asking whether or not he would sell it. Running along the shore to keep 
up with the boat he called back that he would part with the fish for an 
equivalent of four cents of our money. One of our boatmen threw him 
a line to one end of which the fish was tied and then cast into the water. 
Our men began to haul it toward the boat, but the fish had not been 
securel}^ fastened to the line and got away. The poor man stopped run- 
ning and tears came into his eyes, but never a word of complaint; we, of 
course, called to him and threw him the money. 

The Chinese always take persons condemned to death and those to be 
executed out of the western gate, and, for this reason, many Chinese will 
never go through the western gate of a city. When the late Empress 
Dowager visited Pao-ting-fu, after her determination to kill her nephew, 
the Emperor, she took him down to the western Manchu tombs, to select 
the site for his tomb, he being perfectly well aware of her intention ; she 
imagined that some evil spirits were following her and, in order to elude 
them, she divided the journey and spent several days in one of her 
palaces along the route. When ready to leave the palace, so as to avoid 
passing through the western gate, she would not go directly to the station 
which was immediately outside the gate ; she insisted on being carried out 
through the northern gate and then all around the outside of the city to 
the railroad station. 

Of all men under the sun, the Chinese gentleman makes the most de- 
lightful, the most plausible, the most elegant liar. In diflFering with him 
one feels positively uncivil. With a charming frankness and winning logic, 
he will affirm what he knows to be directly contrary to the fact, and then, 
without the slightest compunction, but always with some adroit, face- 
saving pretext, he will swing around and declare the opposite to be true. 

Our western world has reached a stage of development where we look 
for causes; we refuse to judge one for the result of his act until we have 
carefully examined into the setting. One man kills another ; shall he be 
hanged for premeditated murder, sentenced to life imprisonment for man- 
slaughter, given ten years, or lauded as a hero of self-defense? 

Many foreigners have made failures in China, good and earnest men 
though they be, because they have not had the acumen to acquire the 
Chinese viewpoint. Th-ey have condemned all alike by their acts, whereas 
courage and cowardice, truth and falsehood, virtue and vice, are as much 
the result of distinct and various causes in China as elsewhere. 

Most Chinese do lie, but why? Ask the man in the field which road to 
take to such and such a village. He will usually tell you that he does not 
know, or else that he is a stranger, both of which answers are untruths 
and, seemingly very silly, senseless ones. The man has probably been 

115 



brought up in a worthy family ; from his childhood he has been taught 
the beauty of truth ; does he lie because he is inherently bad ? Not a bit 
of it. He hates his lie as much as you would ; it is merely self-defense. 

Let us investigate such a case. You will find that last year a prize was 
offered from Peking for the apprehension and arrest of a certain man in 
this farmer's locality. The man escaped, but the reward was large and 
tempting, so the local officials sent a stranger to a neighbor of the same 
family, who entrapped him in conversation, accused him of being the 
criminal, had him arrested and, subsequentl}', the prisoner was decapi- 
tated. Do you wonder that our friend is a bit shy about talking with 
strangers? Even governors and viceroys never know whom to trust, 
nor when they may lose their heads. 

During one of our boat trips, my teacher, a man of position and pos- 
sessing a medium degree of "learning" would frequently express surprise 
at the fact that we were always busy with something : studying, 'writing, 
reading or taking short excursions to investigate this or that ; while he 
would sit with great dignity doing nothing, except when we made him teach 
us the language. One day he said ; "Some day I shall go to America and 
absorb energy ; then I shall do things." This recalled excuses that I had 
heard ~at home from school-boys. The literati are the only lazy men in 
China. 

The Chinese are very punctilious and make much of matters of etiquette. 
To illustrate : When at Lien-chow, we took part in the dedication exercises 
of a new church. Several high officials were on the rostrum and the 
church crowded, on one side were the men and on the other the women, a 
high wooden screen separating the two sexes. One old m.an, who had 
probably never been in a church before, sat quietly with his hat on. An 
official noticing this sent him word, merely the word for hat. The old 
man listened to the message, took off his hat, looked it all over with great 
care and, finding nothing wrong with it, gave the messenger a look of 
scorn and returned the hat to his head. The official at once ordered the 
servant to have the old man put out of the building. 

One of the surprises to the visitor to' the Far East is the continual hustle. 
We are wont to think of the leisurely East. So far as I could learn, the 
laz}^ men in China are the foreigners and the literati. The bridges and 
streets swarm with a hurrying, shouting anxious throng ; every one is on a 
running walk. They are all good natured and should there be a short 
altercation over the right of way the contentious ones usually part with a 
joke. There are no fixed traffic rules in China and that is why it is so 
fascinating. Each one goes as he pleases and pushes along as best he may. 
Barbers shave men on the side of the street, while traveling doctors, with- 
out licenses, address the throng on the value of their medicines. 

It takes but little to delight the Chinese of the interior and simple gifts 
are greatly appreciated and made much over. One day, aboard a small river 
boat, I gave to the latibou a tin can. It was toward evening, just about 
sunset, and he sat down cross-legged on the deck with the can in his hands. 
After a few moments, he got up, came over and stood before me, and com- 
menced singing a little song which he had improvised and which sounded 
like the sawing of the fiddler at an old-fashioned country dance. The 
words were : 

"See my pretty present here, 
For my children three ; 
T shall take it home with me 
For my children three." 

TTis gratitude seemed endless, for he sang this refrain over and over again. 

116 



EXCERPTS 

Dr. L. H. Bailey says : 

"IVe have not yet gathered up the experience of mankind in the tilling 
of the earth; yet the tilling of the earth is the bottom condition of\ 
civilization." 

"We have had a few great agricultural travelers and few hooks that 
describe the real and significant rural conditions . Of natural history, travel 
. zve have had very much; and of accounts of sight and events perhaps we 
have had too many . . . The spirit of scientific inquiry must novo he taken 
into this field, and all earth-conquest must be compared and the results 
he given to the people that zvork." 

"We in North America are wont to think that we may instruct all the 
world in agriculture, because our agricultural wealth is great and our 
exports to less favored peoples have been heavy ; hut this ivealth is great 
because our soil is fertile and new, and in large acreage for every person. 
We have really only begun to farm well. The first condition of farming 
is to maintain fertility. This condition the oriental peoples have met, and 
they have solved it in their zvay. We may never adopt their particular 
methods, hut zve can profit vastly by their experience." 

Prof. F. H. King says : 

"The main three islands of Japan in 1907 had a population of 49,977,003 
maintained on 20,000 square miles of cultivated field. This at the rate 
of more than three people to each acre, and of 2,349 to each square mile; 
and yet the total agricultural imports into Japan in 1907 exceeded the agri- 
cultural exports by less than one dollar per capita. . . At the same time 
Japan is feeding 69 horses and 56 cattle, nearly all laboring animals, to 
each square mile of cultivated fields, zchile we were feeding in 1900 but 30 
horses and mules per same area, these being our laboring animals." 

''Correspondingly accurate statistics are not accessible for China, but in 
the Shantung province we talked zvith a farmer having 12 in his family 
and zvho kept one donkey, one cozv, both exclusively laboring animals, and 
two pigs on 2.5 acres of cultivated land where he grezv wheat, millet, szveet 
potatoes and beans. Here is a density of population equal to 3,072 people, 
256 donkeys, 256 cattle and 512 swine per square mile. In another instance 
zvh-ere the holding zvas one and two-thirds acres the fariner had 10 in his 
family and zvas maintaining one donkey and one pig, giving to this farm 
land a maintenance capacity of 3,840 people, 384 donkeys and 384 pigs to 
the square mile, or 240 people, 24 donkeys and 24 pigs to one of our forty- 
acre farms zvliich our farmers regard as too small for a single family." 

"It could not be other than a matter of the highest industrial, educational 
and social importance to all nations if there might be brought to them a 
full and accurate account of all those conditions zvhich have made it 
possible for such dense populations to be maintained so largely upon the 
products of Chinese, Korean and Japanese soils." 

"At Tientsin. 39° north, in the latitude of Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and 
Springfield, Illinois, zve talked zvith a farmer who followed his crop of 
zvheat on his small holding zvith one of onions and the onions zvith cabbage, 
realising from three crops at the rate of $163, gold, per acre ; and with 
another who planted Irish potatoes at the earliest opportunity in the spring, 
marketing them when s)uall, and following these with radishes, the radishes 
zvith cabbage, realising from the three crops at the rate of $203 per acre." 

''The selection of rice and of the millets as the great staple food crops 
of these three nations, and the systons of agriculture they have evolved 
to realise the most from them, are to us remarkable and indicate a grasp of 
essentials and principles zvhich max zvell cause zvestern nations to pause and 
rcHect." 

117 



'China alone has as many acres in rice each year as the United States 
has in wheat, and her annual product is more than double and probably 
threefold our annual crop, and yet the whole of the rice area produces at 
least one and sometimes two other crops each year." 

"Just before, or ijnmediately after -the rice crop is harvested, fields are 
often sowed to 'clover' (astragalus sinicus), which is allowed to grozu 
until near the next transplanting time, when it is either turned under 
directly or more often stacked along the canals and saturated while doing 
so with soft mud dipped from the bottom of the canal. After fermenting 
twenty or thirty days it is applied to the field. And so it is literally true 
that these old-world farmers, whom zve regard as ignorant, perhaps be- 
cause they do not ride sulky plows as we do, have long included legumes 
in their crop rotation, regarding them as indispensable." 

"By planting in hills and rozvs zvith intcrtillage it is very common to see 
three crops groiving upon the same field at one time, but in different stages 
of maturity — one nearly ready to harvest ; one just coming up and the other 
at the stage when it is draiving most heavily upon the soil. By such 
practice, zvith heavy fertilization, and by supplemental irrigation n'hen 
needful, the soil is made to do full duty throughout the grozmng season." 

"By thoroughly preparing the seed bed, fertilising highly and giving the 
most careful attention, they are able to grow on one acre, during 30 to 50 
days enough plants to occupy ten acres and in the meantime on the other 
nine acres crops are maturing, being harvested and the fields being fitted 
to receive the rice when it is ready for transplanting, and in effect this 
interval of time is added to their groiving season." 



118 



Glimpses of China 

Photographed by 

Warner M. Van Norden 




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Stone Sitting Elephant and Official Jehol Entrance to Lam Rmph 



136 




Ancient Stone Servant Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



137 




Ancient Stone Camel Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



138 




Ancient Stone Priest Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



139 




Ancient Stone Horse Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



140 



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Ancient Stone Griffin Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



141 




Ancient Stone Griffin Beside the Approach to the Western Tombs 
of Manchu Emperors of China 



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Beggar in China 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 223 377 






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